Transcript Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age

Psychology of Prejudice and
Discrimination
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
Prejudice Based on
•Gender-Based Stereotypes
•Heterosexism and Anti-Gay
Prejudice
•Ageism
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-Based Stereotypes
American culture has established set of
beliefs men and women, traits and roles
Gender belief system
Content of this belief system is
conveyed through
–media
–Parents and peers influences
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-Based Stereotypes
American culture has established set of
beliefs men and women, traits and roles
Gender belief system
Content of this belief system is
conveyed through
–media
–Parents and peers influences
Gender Belief System
Gender
stereotypes
Gender role
attitudes
GENDER
BELIEF
SYSTEM
Learning about
gender begins
early in life and
continues
throughout the
life span
Beliefs about
one’s own
gender roles
Beliefs about
sexual
orientation
Perceptions
of role violators
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-Belief System encompasses
•Stereotype content
•Attitudes toward appropriate roles
for women and men
•Perceptions of those who violate
gender-based expectations
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-Belief System—Stereotypes
Males Traits
Clusters of Component—agentic or
instrumental
»Independent
»Strong
»Self-confident
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-Belief System—Stereotypes
Females Traits
Clusters of Component—communal or
expressive
»Warmth—expressiveness
»emotional
»helpful
»kind
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-associated Belief
Multidimensional—encompassing
ideas about women’s and men’s
–physical characteristic
–role
–cognitive abilities
–emotions
–traits
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-Belief System
Ideas about appropriate emotions for
the sexes
•Women experience and express more
emotions than men
•Men experience and express anger
and pride
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-Belief System
Gender polarization—gender-associated
characteristics are bipolar, people
believe what is masculine is not
feminine and that what is feminine is
not masculine
Influences assumptions about an
individual’s sexual orientation
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-Belief System
Evaluative dimension of attitudes towards
social groups
Women are wonderful effect
Research shows that people associated with
social categories women and men actually
shows a bias in favor of women
Implicit attitudes toward women and men in
the use of language
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-Belief System
Evaluative dimension of attitudes towards
social groups
Discrimination-affection paradox
–Discrimination women face is more subtle, than
with men
–Subtypes of Women and Men
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-related categorization
• Subtypes—categories that are subordinate to the
more basic categories of sex, race, and age
• Major subtypes can be grouped in to categories
such as
•Occupation
•Family roles
•Physical features,
•sexuality
•macho man
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
Gender-related categorization
• Attitudes toward women’s rights and
responsibility—has been positive as a social
group
• Attitudes towards subtypes of women in
nontraditional roles
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
Hostile and Benevolent Sexism
• Dimensions of modern sexism
•Hostile
•Benevolent
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
Women in Leadership Roles
• Role congruity theory
–Less likely to succeed in leadership roles
–Social role theory
–Women are communal/no agentic traits
–Higher probability of negative evaluations
–Violates what women leaders should be like
• Women in faculty roles
• Women's chances of success
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
Heterosexism and Anti-Gay Prejudice
• Stereotypes of Lesbians and Gay men
• Sexual orientation hypothesis
• Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay men
• Sex Differences in anti-gay prejudice
• Attitudes toward bisexuals
• Civil rights attitudes
• Heterosexism in the Workplace
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
Ageism
–When does old age begin
–Beliefs about older adults
–Double standard of aging
–Subtypes of older adults
–Forgetfulness stereotype
–Age-Based Discrimination
–Workplace discrimination
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
The cluster of traits that represent
stereotypes of men is called
–
–
–
–
agentic.
communal.
expressive.
benevolent.
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
The cluster of traits that represent
stereotypes of men is called
–
–
–
–
agentic. (p. 346 )
communal.
expressive.
benevolent.
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
Which emotion is more strongly
associated with men than with
women?
a) guilt
b) sadness
c) pride
d) fear
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
Which emotion is more strongly
associated with men than with
women?
a) guilt
b) sadness
c) pride (p. 348)
d) fear
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
Research on the accuracy of
gender stereotypes shows that
a)
they can be correctly applied at both the
individual and the group level.
b)
there is no overlap between the
characteristics men and women used to
describe themselves.
c)
at the group level, people are fairly
accurate observers of women’s and
men’s actual characteristics.
d)
stereotypes usually lead to discrimination
against women and men.
Prejudice Based on Gender,
Sexual Orientation, and Age
Research on the accuracy of
gender stereotypes shows that
a)
they can be correctly applied at both the
individual and the group level.
b)
there is no overlap between the
characteristics men and women used to
describe themselves.
c)
at the group level, people are fairly
accurate observers of women’s and
men’s actual characteristics. (p.350)
d)
stereotypes usually lead to discrimination
against women and men.