Transcript Adolescence - Plain Local Schools

Adolescence
Chapter 9
Objectives
•Define Adolescence
•Describe the physical, cognitive, and
ideological changes that characterize
adolescence
•Describe research related to the sexual
attitudes and roles of adolescents
•Discuss the social development of the
adolescent and the role of peers and family
Key Terms
• Androgynous • Identity Crisis • Rationalization
• Asynchrony
• Initiation Rites • Self-Fulfilling
Prophecy
• Authoritarian • Laissez-Faire
Families
Families
• Sex Identity
• Authoritative • Menarche
Families
• Permissive
• Conformity
Families
• Sex Role
• Democratic
Families
• Spermarche
• Puberty
• Social Learning
Theory
Article
• Teens brains
Adolescence
• Adolescence is the transition period between
childhood and adulthood. And while we all have
an idea what adolescence is, defining it precisely is
difficult
• Initiation rites: Rites of passage from one age or
status to another, that mark admission into
adulthood
• Birthdays, Bar mitzvahs, graduation, weddings
Views of Adolescence
• Are years between late childhood and early
adulthood the best that life has to offer?
• A carefree time to act on ideals unburdened by
practical concerns?
• Or is adolescence a time of crisis, rebellion, and
unhappiness?
• It depends on who you ask…
How Adults view
Adolescence
• Every adult has lived through adolescence
• However, the teenage years of most adults do not
always help them understand the concerns and
difficulties of today’s adolescents
• Adults vary their attitudes toward teenagers in
general and certain adults have conflicting
feelings about them
How Adults view
Adolescence
• Many adults admire young people
• Their values, music, fashions, and activities (mass
media)
• Through dress, cosmetics, consumer purchases, and
a variety of physical activities, some adults attempt
to look and feel as healthy and active as
adolescents
• Older people who live and work directly with
teenagers often value the influence young people
have in their lives. Teenagers help them stay
connected to a larger world outside their own
How Adults View
Adolescence
• Bonus:
• Ask an adult if they would like to change places
with you and go back to their adolescence.
Why?
• Paragraph
How Adults view
Adolescence
• Do adults feel threatened by the youth?
• Maybe when adults see their own children develop
into mature bodies and their bodies start declining
physically
• Adults see themselves being outperformed by
youth
• May regret the loss of their own youth and envy
those who are still young
How Adults view
Adolescence
• News and popular press portray teenagers in a
negative light
• Disruptive
• Disturbed
• Teenage crime
• Different view of adolescents?
• Different generations sometimes hold different
ideas of morality
• Sexual activity, war, environment
How Adults view
Adolescence
• Adolescents may provoke a negative reaction
from their parents by possibly displaying traits
their parents see as a reflection of themselves
that they would prefer not to see
• Examples?
• Some look at adolescents in a positive light, in
horror, burden of stress, tension, conflict.
• EXTREME VIEWS
Activity
• Computer paper, One picture
• You, staff member, & family member
• Adolescents
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Concerns/Difficulties
Attitudes
“Who am I?”
What do I want to be as a a person?”
What are the things that are important to me?”
How Adolescents View
Themselves
• Knowing how adults view adolescents, does that
shape how adolescents view themselves?
• According to psychologists, the answer is yes!
• Adolescents tend to regard themselves the way
they think others see them
• Adults stereotypes serve as a mirror for them
How Adolescents View
Themselves
• For many, adolescence is a period of searching
for identity.
• Adolescents are continually struggling with
such questions:
• “Who am I?”
• What do I want to be as a a person?”
• What are the things that are important to me?”
Article
• How adults view teens
Extension Activity
• Adolescents and Alcohol
Theories of Adolescence
• G. Stanley Hall
• Adolescence as a transitional stage from beast
to human
• Fully grown animal in a cage, sees freedom but
doesn’t know quite when freedom will occur or
how to handle it
• Storm & stress, confused, troubled, frustrated
Theories of Adolescence
•Margaret Mead
•Found that in some cultures
adolescence is highly enjoyable
time of life
Theories of Adolescence
• Robert Havighurst
• Every adolescent faces challenges,
development tasks that must be mastered
1. Accepting ones’ physical make-up & acquiring a
masculine or feminine sex role
2. Developing appropriate relations with
agemates of both sexes
3. Becoming emotionally independent of parents
and other adults
4. Achieving the assurance that one will become
economically independent
Theories of Adolescence
5. Deciding on, preparing for, and entering a vocation
6. Developing the cognitive skills and concepts necessary
for social competence
7. Understanding and achieving socially responsible
behavior
8. Preparing for marriage and family
9. Acquiring values that are harmonious with an
appropriate scientific world picture
• Tasks present a challenge, adolescents generally
handle it well. Most face some stress but finds ways
to cope with it
Personal Development
• Becoming an adult involves much more than
becoming physically mature
• Transition from childhood-adulthood involves:
• Changes in patterns of
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Reasoning
Moral thinking
Personality
Sexual behavior
Personal Development
• Physical changes
• Puberty: Sexual maturation, biological event that marks the
end of childhood
• Girls:
• About age 10.
• Rather suddenly begin to grow.
• Before growth, fat tissues develop, making girl appear “chubby”.
Girls retain fat tissue
• Once spurt begins, growth 2-3.5 inches a year
• During spurt, breasts and hips begin to fill out
• Pubic hair
• Between 10-17 (12 or 13) menstrual period, Menarche
• 12-18 months will pass until she is able to conceive a child
• Most societies consider menarche the beginning of motherhood
Personal Development
• Boys:
• Begins at about age 12
• Boys lose fat tissues quickly, making them look lanky or
lean.
• Pubic hair and genitals grow
• Growth occurs 24-27 months later than girls
• Growth lasts 3 years longer
• Once growth occurs, it rapid and boys fill out
• Broad shoulder and thick trunk
• Acquire more muscle tissue, larger heart and lungs than
girls
• Voice deepens
• Hair begins to grow on face and chest
Personal Development
• Asynchrony: Condition during the period of
adolescence in which growth or maturation
of bodily parts is uneven
• Ex: Hands, feet larger than rest of body
• Clumsiness starts to diminish
Reactions to Growth
• Adolescents desperately want to be accepted
by peers
• Girls ranked boys attributes they seek
1. Intelligence
2. Attractiveness
3. Ability to hold conversation
Reactions to Growth
• Boys ranks girls attributes they seek
1. Attractiveness
2. Friendliness
3. Intelligence
Reactions to Growth
• Individual differences grow significantly that
affect personality of young adolescents
• Research indicates boys have the advantage
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Heroes in sports
Leaders in formal and informal activities
Other boys look up to them
Girls have crushes on them
Adults tend to treat them more mature
More self-confident and independent
Reactions to Growth
• With girls pattern is somewhat different
• Girls who mature early may feel embarrassed
rather than proud of their height or figure
• Some date older boys and become “bossy”
with people their own age
• Late-maturing girls tend to get along better
with people their age
• Late teens, girls that matured earlier may be
more popular
Reactions to Growth
• Does physical growth have powerful
psychological effects?
• Self-Fulfilling prophecy: A belief, prediction, or
expectation that operates to bring about its
own fulfillment
• If boy thinks he doesn’t fit his culture’s physical
ideal, may view himself differently
Changes in Thinking
• Abstract thinking
• What would the world be like if people lived to
be 200?
• Rationalization: Individual seeks to explain an
often unpleasant emotion or behavior in a way
that will preserve self-esteem
Moral Development
• Kohlberg
• Psychologists agree that a person’s moral
development depends on many factors,
especially the kind of relationship the individual
has with parents
• Changes in college
Erik Erikson’s Theory of
the Identity Crisis
• According to Erikson, building an identity is a task that is
unique to adolescence.
• Children are aware of what other people (adults and peers)
think of them
• Are there labels are kids?
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Good
Bad
Funny
Talented
Brave
Hot
• Does not figure in who they really are or where they are going
• Children live in the present, adolescents think about the future
Erik Erikson’s Theory of
the Identity Crisis
• Most adolescents must go through what
Erikson called an identity crisis
• Identity Crisis: A time of storm and stress
during which they worry intensely about who
they are
• Factors
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Physiological changes
Cognitive developments
Sexual drives
See future as a reality
4 Adolescent
Personality Types
• Says Erikson is correct in pointing out the
adolescent identity crisis.
• Crisis arises because individuals must make
commitments on such important matters as
occupation, religion, and political orientation
• Marcia points out 4 adolescent personality
types
4 Adolescent
Personality Types
1. Identity moratorium adolescents: Who have
not experiences a crisis or made a
commitment on any of the important matters
facing them
2. Identity foreclosure adolescents: Who have
not had a crisis but have made a commitment
based not on their own choice, but on the
suggestion of others
4 Adolescent
Personality Types
3. Identity confused adolescents: Who are in a
continual search for meaning, commitment,
and self-definition, and thus experience life as
a series of ongoing crises
4. Identity achievement adolescents: Who have
experiences crises, considered many
possibilities, and freely committed
themselves to occupations and other life
matter
4 Adolescent
Personality Types
• Do not interpret rigidly, one can transition
from one category to another
• Can belong to different categories
Criticism of Erikson’s
Theory
• A.C. Peterson:
• Says crisis is not a normal state of affairs for
adolescents
• Change in external circumstances creates crisis,
not a biological clock
• Albert Bandura
• Social Learning Theory: Continuous process of
human development through interaction
Sexuality: Attitudes &
Roles
• Sexual attitudes:
• Belief when sexual intercourse is appropriate
• Morally different views between young people
and adults?
• Would you agree?
• Sex identity: One’s biological inheritance,
includes genetic traits and sex-linked behaviors
Sexuality: Attitudes &
Roles
• Sex role: Defined by genetic makeup, but mainly by society
and culture.
• Tells us how we are expected to behave, look, think, and feel
in order to be considered by others, and to consider ourselves
“masculine” or “feminine”
• Can change over time
• Sex-role stereotypes
• Sandra Bem:
• Androgynous: Roles that involve a flexible combination of
traditionally male and female characteristics
Social Development
• The Family
• Changes based on divorce & income
• Regardless of these changes, one of the principle
developmental tasks of adolescents is becoming
independent of their families
• Mixed feeling on both sides
• Some parents have built their lifestyles around the
family and are reluctant to let the child go
• Parents know they will soon have to find someone
else on whom to shift their emotional dependence
Social Development
• Family continued
• Parents whose children are old enough to leave
home sometimes have to wrestle with their own
fears of advancing age
• Same time, young people long to get out on their
own and try themselves against the world, they
worry a lot about failing
• Struggled is mirrored by adolescent’s unpredictable
behavior, which parents interpret as “adolescent
rebellion”.
Parenting Styles
• The way in which adolescents seek
independence and the ease with which they
resolve conflicts about becoming adults
depends in large part on the parent-child
relationship
Parenting Styles
• Diana Baumrind (1971,1973)
• Observed and interviews nursery school
children and their parents. She observed and
questioned both how the children interacted
with their parents, and what the parents did
• Follow-up observations when the children were
8 or 9 led to several conclusions about the
impact of three distinct parenting styles on
children
Parenting Styles
• Authoritarian families:
• Parents are the bosses
• Do not feel they have to explain their actions
or demands
• Parents may feel the child has no right to
question parental decisions
Parenting Styles
• Children raised in authoritative families
• Resent all authority
• Rebel without a cause
Parenting Styles
• Democratic or authoritative families
• Adolescents participate in decisions affecting
their lives
• Great deal of discussion & negotiation
• Parents listen to their children’s reasons for
wanting to go somewhere, do something, and
make an effort to explain their rules &
expectations
• Adolescents make many decisions for
themselves, but parents retain the right to veto
plans they disapprove
Parenting Styles
• Studies suggest children raised in democratic or
authoritative families are:
• More confident of their own values and goals than other
young people
• More likely to want to make their own decisions with or
without advice
• 3 reasons
• Child able to assume responsibility gradually, not given too
much responsibility too soon
• Child more likely to identify with parents who love and
respect them than parents who treat them bad
• Through behavior or child, parents present a model of
responsible, cooperative independence for the growing
person to imitate
Parenting Styles
• Permissive or Laissez-faire families
• Children have the final say
• Parents attempt to guide, but give in when
children insist on having their way
• Parents may give up their child-rearing
responsibilities
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Setting no rules about behavior
Making no demands
Voicing no expectations
Virtually ignoring young people in their house
Parenting Styles
• Children raised in permissive families
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Tend to feel unwanted
Doubt their own self-worth
Often do not trust themselves
Tend to be more aggressive
Low self-esteem
Poor control over impulsive behavior
Parenting Styles
• Maccoby & Martin (1983)
• Later identified a fourth parenting style
• Uninvolved parents were typically very selfcentered in their child rearing
• Seemed uncommitted to their role
• Distant from their child
Parenting Styles
• Research says that authoritative parenting yields
the best results
• Why?
• Establishment of limits on the child
• Responding to the child with warmth and support
• But it would be wrong to conclude that parents are
solely responsible for the way their children turn out
• Adolescents themselves contribute to the style
parents embrace; with consequences for their own
personal development
Peer Group
• Adolescents can trust that their peers will not
treat them like children
• Teens need and use each other to define
themselves
• High schools
• Well defined groups
• Cliques
• Crowds
• Name them…?
Peer Group
• Early in adolescence, groups are usually
divided by gender, but later they mix
• What determines whether an adolescent will
be accepted by a peer group?
Peer Group
• Belonging to a clique (a group within a set) is
very important to most adolescents and serves
several functions
• Need for closeness to others
• Means to define oneself
• Establish an identity
• Help individual achieve self-confidence
• Sense of independence
• Provide feedback
Peer Group
• One of the greatest fears teenagers have is to
be disliked
• Leads to conformity
• Conformity: Act in accordance with some
specified authority