Transcript Social-responsibility norm

Unit 15 – Social Psychology
Overview
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Attribution, Attitudes, and Actions
Conformity and Obedience
Group Behavior
Prejudice and Discrimination
Aggression
Attraction
Altruism, Conflict, and Peacemaking
Introduction
• Social Psychology
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=epuTZi
gxUY8 “The Lunch Date”
The Fundamental Attribution Error
• Attribution theory
–Dispositional vs. situational attribution
–Fundamental attribution error
–Self-serving
bias – readiness to
percieve self
admirably
Attitudes Affect Actions
• Attitude
–Central route
persuasion
–Peripheral
route
persuasion
Actions Affect Attitudes: The Foot-inthe-Door Phenomenon
• The Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
–“start small and build”
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XiRSuzT4jS0
Actions Affect Attitudes: Role Playing
Affects Attitudes
• Role-Playing Affects Attitudes
–Role
–Stanford
prison
study 1972
–Abu Ghraib
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=760lwYmp
Xbc
Actions Affect Attitudes: Role Playing
Affects Attitudes
–Abu Ghraib – US in 2004, Iraqi
prisoners
–https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f
a7QZWfivtc (5 min)
–https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
OzK8UFKGOiw (Zimbardo, The
Lucifer Effect, 2012)- watch first 5
minutes)
Actions Affect Attitudes: Role Playing
Affects Attitudes
• Mere-Exposure Effect
• http://httpserver.carleton.ca/~warrent/2100/ex
posure%20effect.html
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Cognitive Dissonance: Relief from
Tension
• Cognitive Dissonance: Relief
From Tension
–Cognitive dissonance theory
–“Attitudes follow
behavior”
Cognitive Dissonance: Relief from
Tension
• Cognitive Dissonance – theory that we act
to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we
feels when two of our thoughts (cognition) are
inconsistent.
• E.g., when we become aware that our
attitudes and our action clash, we can reduce
the resulting dissonance by changing our
attitudes
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQiCpfKOOs – Coach Carter
Conformity: Complying With Social
Pressures
Conformity: adjusting
our behavior or
thinking to coincide
with a group standard
Conformity: Automatic Mimicry
• Chameleon effect – synchronize
behavior and speech with peers
• Helps us
empathize
• Mood
linkage
Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures
Conformity and Social Norms
Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures
Conformity and Social Norms
• Conformity
– Solomon Asch study
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYIh4Mkcf
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Conformity and Social Norms
• “Face the Rear”
• http://www.guzer.com/videos/elevatorpsychology.php
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Njz9Tr
Ljz5k – “Picketing Against Everything”
Conformity: Conditions That Strengthen
Conformity
– One is made to feel incompetent or insecure
– Group has at least three people
– Group is unanimous
– One admires the group’s status
– One has made no prior commitment
– Others in group observe one’s behavior
– One’s culture strongly encourages respect
for social standards
Conformity and Social Norms
• Reasons for Conforming
–Normative social influence
–Informational social influence
Obedience: Following Orders
• Obedience
–Milgram’s studies
on obedience
• Procedure
• Results
• Ethics
• Follow up studies
Milgram Obedience Experiment
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
HwqNP9HRy7Y
Milgram - Obedience
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FBa89XhxcTs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2Bb3mBSDo0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWSxSQsspiQ
Obedience: Following Orders
Conformity vs Obedience
Conformity
Obedience
What is it?
Going along with the
crowd/yielding to
group pressure
Behaving as
instructed!
Who ‘asks’?
Nobody, we act to
Authority figures:
please peers, friends, parents, teachers (no
social group
don’t laugh!), police,
government etc.
Why do we do it?
To be accepted, liked To avoid punishment
or just to fit in or to
or unpleasant
avoid feeling silly
consequences
Lessons From the Obedience
Studies- Who Obeys?
• The person giving the orders was close at
hand and perceived to be a legitimate
authority figure
• The authority figure was supported by a
prestigious institution
• The victim was depersonalized or at a distance
• There were no role models for defiance
Lessons From the Obedience
Studies
• Ordinary people being corrupted
by an evil situation
Social Facilitation
• Social Facilitation
–Task difficulty
–Expertise effects
–Crowding effects
Social Loafing
• Social Loafing
– Tendency for people in a group to exert
less effort when pooling their efforts toward
a common goal
• Less accountability
• View themselves
as dispensable
Deinviduation
• Deindividuation- loss of self-awareness and
self-restraint in group situations which foster
social arousal AND anonymity
Group Polarization
Group PolarizationEnhance a group’s
prevailing
inclinations after
discussion within
the group
May be good/bad
Groupthink
• Groupthink – the mode of thinking that occurs
when the desire for harmony in a decisionmaking group overrides a realistic appraisal of
alternatives
• May be “good” or “bad”
Groupthink
• Groupthink
– Bay of Pigs – Kennedy/1961
– Challenger explosion – “O rings” (1/28/86)
-Invasion of Iraq – “weapons of mass
distruction” (2004 Senate Intelligence
Committee)
The Power of Individuals
• Social control vs personal control
• Minority
influence
• (Gandhi)
Cultural Influences
• Culture
–Culture within animals
–Culture in
humans
Cultural Influences
Variation Across Cultures
• Norm
–Culture shock
–Pace of life
Cultural Influences: Variation Over Time
• Changes over the generations
Prejudice
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Prejudice - attitude
Stereotype - belief
Discrimination – behavior
May be implicit racial association,
unconscious patronization, race-influenced
perceptions, and reflexive bodily responses
• Gender predjudice- prefer female faces nurturing
How Prejudiced Are People?
Social Inequalities
• Just world phenomenon
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8Y7iFB
W010
• Blame the victim
Us and Them: Ingroup and Outgroup
• Us & Them: Ingroup and Outgroup
– Ingroup- people with whom we share an
identity
– Outgroup- people perceived as apart from
the ingroup
– Ingroup bias- favor
our own group
Emotional Roots of Prejudice
• Emotional roots of prejudice
– Scapegoat theory – “fear and anger create
aggression & aggression
against those of different
ethnicity or race creates
racism”
– Economic variables
– Negative emotions
Cognitive Roots of Prejudice
• Categorization
–Outgroup homogeneity
–Other-race effect
• Vivid cases
• Believing the world is
just
–Hindsight bias
The Biology of Aggression
• Aggression – physical or verbal behavior
intended to hurt or destroy
• Genetic Influences: twins
• Neural Influences: limbic
system
• Biochemical Influencestestosterone, alcohol
Aggression: Aversive Events
Frustration-aggression principle –
blocking attempt to achieve a goal creates
anger which can generate aggression
• Social and cultural influences
– Aggression-replacement program
Aversive Events:
• Reinforcement and Modeling
– Aggression-replacement program- teaching
how to control anger e.g. with gangs
• Media Model for Violence
– Social scripts- provide a culturally modeled
guide for how to act in various situations
• Do violent video games teach social scripts
for violence?
The Psychology of Attraction:Proximity
• Proximity
– Mere exposure effect – familiarity
breeds fondness
– Repeated exposure to novel stimuli
increases our liking of them
– We favor the face we see in the mirror
rather than the reverse
Physical Attractiveness
• Physical attractiveness
The Psychology of Attraction: Similarity
• Similarity
–Positive correlation between
similarity and liking
–Reward theory of
attraction
Romantic Love
• Love
– Passionate love
– Companionate love
• Equity – people receive
from a relationship what
they give to it
• Self-disclosure- revealing
• intimate aspects of self to
• others
Altruism
• Altruism- unselfish regard for others’ welfare
– Kitty Genovese
• Bystander Intervention
– Diffusion of responsibility
– Bystander effect
– Best odds of help are if the
person appears to need or
deserve help, person is similar
to us, and the person is a woman
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSsPfbu
p0ac
Altruism
Altruism: The Norms for Helping
• Social exchange theory- our social
behavior is in exchange to maximize
benefit and minimize costs
• Reciprocity norm- people
will help and not harm those
who have helped them
• Social-responsibility norm• we will help those who
appear to need the help
The Hawthorne Effect
• http://psychology.about.com/od/hindex/g/def
_hawthorn.htm
• People may behave differently when they
know they are being observed
Walter Mischel- Delayed Gratification
• video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQzM8jRp
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Conflict and Peacemaking
Elements of Conflict:
Enemy Perceptions
• Mirror-image perceptions
• Self-fulfilling prophecy
Enemy Perceptions
• Mirror-image perceptions – mutual views
often held by conflicting people as when
each side sees itself as ethical and
peaceful and views the other side as evil
and aggressive
• Self-fulfilling prophecy –a belief that leads
to its own fulfillment
Promoting Peace
• Contact & Cooperation
– Superordinate goals – shared goals that
override differences among people and
require cooperation
Peacemaking: Promoting Peace
• Communication
• Conciliation
• GRIT = graduated and reciprocated
initiative in tension reduction- as in
international
relations
Social Psychology
= the scientific study of how we think about,
influence, and relate to one another.
Attribution Theory
= the theory that we explain someone’s
behavior by crediting either the situation or
the person’s disposition.
Fundamental Attribution Error
= the tendency for observers, when
analyzing another’s behavior, to
underestimate the impact of the situation
and to overestimate the impact of personal
disposition.
Attitude
= feelings, often influenced by our beliefs,
that predispose us to respond in a
particular way to objects, people, and
events.
Peripheral Route Persuasion
= occurs when people are influenced by
incidental cues, such as a speaker’s
attractiveness.
Central Route Persuasion
= occurs when influenced people focus on
the arguments and respond with favorable
thoughts.
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
= the tendency for people who have first
agreed to a small request to comply later
with a larger request.
Role
= a set of expectations (norms) about a
social position, defining how those in the
position ought to behave.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
= the theory that we act to reduce the
discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two
of our thoughts (cognitions) are
inconsistent. For example, when we
become aware that our attitudes and our
actions clash, we can reduce the resulting
dissonance by changing our attitudes.
Conformity
= adjusting our behavior or thinking to
coincide with a group standard.
Normative Social Influence
= influence resulting from a person’s desire
to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
Informational Social Influence
= influence resulting from one’s willingness
to accept others’ opinions about reality.
Social Facilitation
= stronger responses on simple or welllearned tasks in the presence of others.
Social Loafing
= the tendency for people in a group to exert
less effort when pooling their efforts
toward attaining a common goal than
when individually accountable.
Deindividuation
= the loss of self-awareness and selfrestraint occurring in group situations that
foster arousal and anonymity.
Group Polarization
= the enhancement of a group’s prevailing
inclinations through discussion within the
groups.
Groupthink
= the mode of thinking that occurs when the
desire for harmony in a decision-making
group overrides a realistic appraisal of
alternatives.
Culture
= the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes,
values, and traditions shared by a group of
people and transmitted from one
generation to the next.
Norm
= an understood rule for accepted and
expected behavior. Norms prescribe
“proper” behavior.
Prejudice
= an unjustifiable and usually negative
attitude toward a group and its members.
Prejudice generally involves stereotyped
beliefs, negative feelings, and a
predisposition to discriminatory action.
Stereotype
= a generalized (sometimes accurate but
often overgeneralized) belief about a
group of people.
Discrimination
= unjustifiable negative behavior toward a
group and its members.
Just-World Phenomenon
= the tendency for people to believe the
world is just and that people therefore get
what they deserve and deserve what they
get.
Ingroup
= “Us” – people with whom we share a
common identity.
Outgroup
= “Them” – those perceived as different or
apart from our ingroup.
Ingroup Bias
= the tendency to favor our own group.
Scapegoat Theory
= the theory that prejudice offers an outlet
for anger by providing someone to blame.
Other-Race Effect
= the tendency to recall faces of one’s own
race more accurately than faces of other
races. Also called the cross-race effect
and the own-race bias.
Aggression
= any physical or verbal behavior intended
to hurt or destroy.
Frustration-Aggression Principle
= the principle that frustration – the blocking
of an attempt to achieve some goal –
creates anger, which can generate
aggression.
Social Script
= culturally modeled guide for how to act in
various situations.
Mere Exposure Effect
= the phenomenon the repeated exposure to
novel stimuli increases liking of them.
Passionate Love
= an aroused state of intense positive
absorption in another, usually present at
the beginning of a love relationship.
Companionate Love
= the deep affectionate attachment we feel
for those with whom our lives are
intertwined.
Equity
= a condition in which people receive from a
relationship in proportion to what they give
to it.
Self-Disclosure
= revealing intimate aspects of oneself to
others.
Altruism
= unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
Bystander Effect
= the tendency for any given bystander to be
less likely to give aid if other bystanders
are present.
Social Exchange Theory
= the theory that our social behavior is an
exchange process, the aim of which is to
maximize benefits and minimize costs.
Reciprocity Norm
= an expectation that people will help, not
hurt those who have helped them.
Social-Responsibility Norm
= an expectation that people will help those
needing their help..
Conflict
= a perceived incompatibility of actions,
goals, or ideas.
Social Trap
= a situation in which the conflicting parties,
by each rationally pursuing their selfinterest rather than the good of the group,
become caught in mutually destructive
behavior.
Mirror-Image Perceptions
= mutual views often held by conflicting
people, as when each side sees itself as
ethical and peaceful and views the other
side as evil and aggressive.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
= a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.
Superordinate Goals
= shared goals that override differences
among people and require their
cooperation.