Transcript Step Up To: Psychology

Step Up To: Psychology
Social PSI
Psychology, Eighth Edition
By David G. Myers
Chapter 18: Social Psychology
Conform
You’ve got an Attitude
It’s just natural.
Social Thinking
Do the right thing.
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1. While watching a homeless person beg on the
street corner, George thinks, “He must be lazy. If
he would just get a job, he wouldn’t have to beg.”
It is likely George is illustrating:
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A) good judgment.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) political bias.
D) stereotyping.
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2. Asking for a small favor to increase your
chances of being successful when asking for
a larger one later is called:
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A) bait-and-switch technique.
B) a con-artist strategy.
C) attitude adjustment.
D) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
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3. Phillip Zimbardo conducted the Stanford Prison
Experiment in the 70’s. His results could have
predicted problems of prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib
in that:
• A) people will follow direct orders of a superior
when in the military.
• B) when we play a role long enough, social
norms can be as powerful as orders.
• C) we will easily scapegoat those different from
ourselves.
• D) people can not resist pressure to perform
evil action.
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4. When we experience _____, we feel
tension when our actions do not coincide
with our beliefs.
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A) cognitive dissonance.
B) actor-observer discrepancy.
C) personal perception.
D) self-serving bias.
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5.
When we experience cognitive
dissonance, the response is most
often:
• A) to change our behavior to agree with our
attitudes.
• B) depression and self hatred.
• C) to change our attitudes in the direction of
our behavior.
• D) to feel extremely guilty for acting against
our beliefs.
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6. Solomon Asch’s experiment about how
perceptions may be influenced by others
resulted in:
• A) more than a third of the people changing their
opinions to agree with others.
• B) most people changing their opinions to agree
with others.
• C) most everyone ignored what others said.
• D) a small minority changed their opinions to
agree with others.
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7. For teens, it is especially important to
dress and act like their peers in order to be
accepted by the group. This pressure to
conform is called:
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A) informational social influence.
B) ethnocentrism.
C) out-group homogeneity.
D) normative social influence.
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8. The results of Milgram’s experiment
found:
• A) the subjects who continued knew it
wasn’t real.
• B) most subjects discontinued when shock
levels became extreme.
• C) most subjects continued to deliver the
highest level of shock.
• D) subjects had to be threatened to deliver
dangerous levels of shock.
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9. Further experiments by Milgram helped to
identify factors influencing the outcome of
destructive obedience. These included all of the
following except:
• A) they volunteered to participate.
• B) being told the learners were not really being
harmed.
• C) the repetitive escalation of the task.
• D) the situation, or context, in which the
obedience occurred.
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10. Milgram did not require his subjects to
shock people at the highest level at the
beginning, but to build up to it. He used
the:
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A) cognitive dissonance theory.
B) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
C) normative social influence.
D) social exchange theory.
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11. According to social facilitation, if you are a
professional golfer, you are likely to perform
better if:
• A) you are playing alone with a friendly
audience.
• B) no one is watching.
• C) you are playing by yourself.
• D) you are playing against competition with a
friendly audience.
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12. When people are working in a group on a
project rather than individually, there is likely
to be less effort by some, called:
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A) social loafing.
B) competition.
C) self-serving bias.
D) cognitive dissonance.
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13. When a group’s goal of harmony takes
precedence over rational decision-making,
they become involved in the process of:
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A) social cognition.
B) group polarization.
C) group think.
D) fundamental attribution error.
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14. An example of group polarization is:
• A) conservatives become more extreme after
listening to conservative talk radio.
• B) people believing they were abducted become
more convinced after chatting on the internet
with other abductees.
• C) prejudiced individuals get together and
become more prejudiced.
• D) all of the above.
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15. When people lose themselves when in an
angry mob, this illustrates the process of:
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A) self-serving bias.
B) deindividuation.
C) group think.
D) actor-observer discrepancy.
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16. Prejudice is defined as:
• A) taking negative action toward people who
belong to a different social group.
• B) speaking badly about people who belong to
a different social group.
• C) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and
its members.
• D) all of the above.
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17. The _____ theory offers an explanation
that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by
providing someone to blame.
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A) scapegoat
B) prejudice
C) underdog
D) out-group
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18. Rape victims are sometimes blamed for
wearing too revealing clothes and, “getting what
they deserved.” This false conclusion is based on:
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A) the just-world hypothesis.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) social categorization.
D) social exchange theory.
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19. Recent experiments of men viewing
violent pornography conclude:
• A) this can serve to provide an outlet for bottledup feelings, thus reducing violent acts.
• B) this increases violent acts toward women.
• C) there is no effect from viewing violent
pornography.
• D) men viewing such films are quickly repulsed
by such images.
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20. “By pursuing our own self-interests and
not trusting others, we can end up losers.”
This statement is illustrated in:
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A) the Jigsaw Classroom.
B) the in-group, out-group study.
C) Zimbardo’s prison experiment.
D) the social trap game.
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21. The deep, affectionate attachment in a
lasting, mature love is called:
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A) passionate love.
B) marital bliss.
C) companionate love.
D) altruism.
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22. Your text mentions two key ingredients to
a lasting, loving relationship. One is equity, the
other is:
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A) attractiveness.
B) compassion.
C) self-disclosure.
D) acceptance.
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23. Kitty Genovese was killed while others
watched and listened. They knew others were
watching. Their behavior is explained the:
• A) apathy theory.
• B) prosocial behavior
phenomenon.
• C) altruism.
• D) bystander effect.
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24: According to the bystander effect, if you
needed help you would be more likely to get
it if:
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A) many people were present.
B) few people were present.
C) someone else was also helping.
D) no one knew you.
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25. According to social exchange theory:
• A) we will help if we expect something in
return.
• B) we will help if the cost of helping is not
too high.
• C) when we help others we expect them to
help us.
• D) we help those who we feel are most
deserving.
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Answers
1.
B
9.
D
17.
A
2.
D
10.
B
18.
A
3.
B
11.
D
19.
B
4.
A
12.
A
20.
D
5.
C
13.
C
21.
C
6.
B
14.
D
22.
C
7.
D
15.
B
23.
D
8.
C
16.
C
24.
B
25.
B