Transcript Chapter 8 PowerPoint - The Group in Society

Communication
in Small Groups
Chapter 8
Group Consultation
Scenario
Consultation Scenario
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Read scenario out loud in group
Discuss questions together
Write recommendation
Each group presents recommendations
Together, we discuss differences in advice
Four ways of abiding by group norms
Means of Group Influence
Full
Commitment
to Group
Norm
Result of
Influence
Follows Norm
But
Uncommitted
Convince through
Substantive Discussion
Sway through
Social Pressure
Consensus:
Internalizing group’s values
to make them one’s own.
Conformance:
Identification with norms to
secure relationships with
group members.
Most enduring because the
new norms shape one’s core
attitudes and general
behavior.
Activated whenever
relationships are salient, so
long as other members
behave consistently.
Convergence:
Conditional acceptance
based on information,
incentives, or argument.
Compliance:
Norms followed to
demonstrate submission to
authority or pressure.
Least enduring because
dependent on ephemeral
opinions or provisional
cost/benefit analyses.
Only operates when the
group or supervisor applies
steady pressure and monitors
behavior.
* An adapted blend of Jahoda (1956), p. 236, and Hare (1976), pp. 55-7.
Socialization to
Group Norms
High
Low
Commitment to Group Norms and Goals
Newcomer adheres, then rejects
1
2
3
Point in Time
4
5
High
Low
Commitment to Group Norms and Goals
Newcomer infuses commitment
1
2
3
Point in Time
4
5
High
Low
Commitment to Group Norms and Goals
Accommodating the newcomer
1
2
3
Point in Time
4
5
High
Low
Commitment to Group Norms and Goals
Newcomer sparks ambivalence
1
2
3
Point in Time
4
5
Social Identity Theory
and the
Contact Hypothesis
Intergroup Contact Theory
• People with different collective/group
identities need to be placed in situations
where relevant authorities/institutions permit
ingroups and outgroups to work together
cooperatively, as equals, to achieve a
common goal.
• Most effective when
– participants choose to take part
– activities are intensive (e.g., sports, projects)
– meeting all of the underlined conditions above
maximizes the effect
Embedded System
Framework Summary
ESF Model of Norms/Symbols/Identity
Inter-group
conflicts
with other
local groups
Organizational
socialization
practices
Institutional
support
for inter-group
contact
Pool of social
identities, group
archetypes, and
salient symbols or
dramatic narratives
Individualist/
collectivist
cultural orientations
Task requires intra- and/
or inter-group cooperation
vs. competition
Equality of member
status relationships
Nature and strength
of group norms
Salience of different
social identities (and
primary group identity)
Confidence in one’s
independent judgment
Participants’ diverse
identities and allegiances
(including to other groups)
Socialization to
conform with/
adapt
prototypical
norms
Group cohesion
Subjective
assessment of
group’s qualities
Distribution
and management
of deviance
(rejection,
norm
adjustment)
Increase/reduction
in inter-group
stereotypes
and prejudices
Symbolic
conflict and
convergence
Exclusion/
departure from
the group
Dialogue and
storytelling