Transcript Dispositional Attribution

AP Psych Class Announcements:
Psych Quiz Bowl Wed.
4/24!! Extra Credit for
attending!
Review session tomorrow for
those who want to compete.
Let’s get that trophy back!!
AP Review Help Class
4/27 2-6:00
Aim: to explain the factors
that influence prejudice,
aggression and attraction.
Do NOW: Quiz 691-717
HW: study for test
Practice questions
Have you started reviewing your old
vocab yet? Goal: One chapter a
day!!!
Social Psychology
Attitude
Attraction
Aggression
Group Behavior
Studying the way people relate to others.
Attitudes
• A set of beliefs and
feelings.
• Advertising is ALL
based on attitude
formation.
• Mere Exposure
Effect- more you’re
exposed to something,
the more you’ll like it.
The messenger affects the attitude:
•
•
•
•
Most persuasive are:
Attractive people
Experts
famous
Attribution Theory
• Tries to explain how people
determine the cause of
the behavior they observe.
It’s either due to situation
or disposition….
• Situational Attribution
(due to the situation)
• Dispositional Attribution
(personality,
temperament)
Fundamental Attribution Error
How do you view Mr.Miller’s
behavior?
You probably attribute it to his
personality rather than his
profession.
But do you really know?
When you start a
romance, you assume
that they agree with
your world
views….honeymoon
period.
• We analyze one’s
behavior and
underestimate the
situation and
overestimate the
impact of their
personality or
disposition.
If you win it is
because you are
awesome…if you
lose, it must have
been the coach or
weather or….
Situational or dispositional Attributions?
• A teen crashes the car. Mom says it was
because of the slippery road.
• Dad says it’s because he wasn’t paying
attention to driving.
• Which parent explained using
dispositional attributes?
• Which situational attributes?
Self-fulfilling prophecy: Rosenthal
and Jacobson’s
“Pygmalion in the Classroom”
Actions Can Affect Attitudes
Not only do people stand for what they believe in
(attitude), they start believing in what they stand
for.
D. MacDonald/ PhotoEdit
Cooperative actions can lead to mutual liking (beliefs).
Foot-In-the-Door Phenomenon
• Tendency of people who will agree to a small
request to comply to a larger one
• Small Request – Large Request In the
Korean War, Chinese communists solicited
cooperation from US army prisoners by
asking them to carry out small errands. By
complying to small errands they were
likely to comply to larger ones.
How do car salesmen use foot-inthe-door?
Attitude and Behavior
You have a belief
that cheating on
tests is bad.
But you cheat on
a test!!!
The teacher was
really bad so in
that class it is OK.
Cognitive Dissonance
Theory
• People want to have
consistent attitudes
and behaviors….when
they are not they
experience dissonance
(unpleasant tension).
• Usually they will change
their attitude.
Role Playing Affects Attitudes
Zimbardo (1972) assigned the roles of guards
and prisoners to random students and found
that guards and prisoners developed roleappropriate attitudes. Self-fulfilling prophesy
Originally published in the New Yorker
Phillip G. Zimbardo, Inc.
Stanford Prison Experiment
• In 1972, Zimbardo set up a lab “prison” and asked volunteer
to play roles of either guards or inmates. The situation
became too real when each group assumed their roles all too
well. The guards went from being kind, mild-mannered
college students to cruel guards. They had to stop the exp.
after just 6 days.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ir9G8RF1NXY&playnext=1
&list=PL98578AAEDBF20AE7&feature=results_main
• part 1, 2
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQmcxoosMhg
• part 3,4
•Conclusion: Evil acts
shape the self!!!
Social Influence
The greatest contribution of social psychology is
its study of attitudes, beliefs, decisions, and
actions and the way they are molded by social
influence.
NON SEQUITER © 2000 Wiley. Dist. by Universal
Press Syndicate Reprinted with Permission
Social Influence:
Behavior is contagious!
• Laughter
• Yawns
• Suicidal clusters
• Food fights!!!!
• When someone else was present in a public
restroom 90% of women washed their hands.
If no one else was present, only 16% did so.
Social Facilitation-people perform better
in front of an audience than when alone
Individual Behavior in the Presence of
Others
Social facilitation: Refers
to improved
performance on tasks in
the presence of others.
Michelle Agnis/ NYT Pictures
Triplett (1898) noticed
cyclists’ race times were
faster when they
competed against others
than when they just
raced against the clock.
Activity
• I am going to give you a time interval that I want you
to estimate. No counting or looking at your
watches. I will say “begin” at the start and “stop” at
the end of the interval . Then I want you to write
down how long you think the interval was.
Solomon Asch’s conformity experiment
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYIh4
MkcfJA
Which line is equal to the standard line? After
several others said “3” the subject would say “3”.
William Vandivert/ Scientific American
Asch’s Results
• About 1/3 of the
participants
conformed.
• 70% conformed at
least once.
Conditions that Strengthen Conformity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
One is made to feel incompetent or insecure.
The group has at least three people.
The group is unanimous.
One admires the group’s status and attractiveness.
One has no prior commitment to a response.
The group observes one’s behavior.
One’s culture strongly encourages respect for a social
standard.
Normative Social Influence
• We behave out of a desire for social approval
or to avoid disapproval
• Ex: we clap when others clap
• Norm: an understood rule for accepted or
expected behavior. What are the norms for
my class?
Information Social Influence
• When we accept other’s opinions about
reality or “normal”
• EX: People naturally look to the police during
time of crises
• EX: Freshmen look up upper classmen to
know how to act during the first few weeks of
school
New seats
Please move to your new assigned seating area
Obedience
Stanley Milgram
designed a study that
investigates the effects of
authority on obedience.
Courtesy of CUNY Graduate School and University Center
People comply to social
pressures. How would
they respond to outright
command?
Stanley Milgram
(1933-1984)
Both Photos: © 1965 By Stanley Miligram, from the
film Obedience, dist. by Penn State, Media Sales
Milgram’s Study
Milgram’s Study
Of
Obedience
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6GxIuljT3
w
Results:
• 63% of the “teachers” fully complied up to the
maximum voltage
• In future variations of the experiment he
found that obedience was highest when:
– The person giving the orders was physically close
– The victim was placed out of their vision
– They saw no one else disobeying the orders of the
researcher
Milgram’s Study: Results
What did we learn from Milgram?
• Ordinary people
can do shocking
things.
• Could not have
received approval
from today’s IRB
(Internal Review
Board).
Group Dynamics
Social Loafing
• The tendency for
people in a group to
exert less effort
when pooling efforts
toward a common
goal than if they
were individually
accountable.
• We do not put in as
much effort when
acting as part of a
group
Anonymous Question
• ????????????????????????????????????????
• I repeat, this is completely anonymous. No
one will know the answer you gave.
• PROMISE!!!!!!!
Question:
• If you could do anything humanly possible
with complete assurance that you WOULD
NOT be detected or held responsible what
would you do?
Most frequent responses:
•
•
•
•
Criminal acts 26%
Sexual acts 11%
Spying behaviors 11%
Most common response was “rob a bank”
15%
36% were antisocial answers!
9% prosocial!
How groups affect our behavior
Deindividuation
• People get swept up
in a group and lose
sense of self.
• Feel anonymous and
aroused.
• Rioting, looting,
concert behavior
Group Polarization
• The enhancement of
a group’s prevailing
tendencies as a
result of discussion
Groupthink
• The tendency for
groups to make bad
decision b/c member
suppress reservation
about the ides being
discussed.
• They are more
concerned with
group harmony.
• Worse in highly
cohesive groups.
Groupthink
A mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for
harmony in a decision-making group overrides the
realistic appraisal of alternatives.
Famous Examples:
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Kennedy and the Cuban
Missile Crisis
Watergate Cover-up
Chernobyl Reactor Accident
Stereotypes, Prejudice and
Discrimination
Stereotype:
• Overgeneralized idea
about a group of people.
Prejudice:
• Undeserved (usually
negative) attitude
towards a group of
people. Ethnocentrism
is an example of a
prejudice.
Discrimination:
• An action based on a
prejudice.
Why did he take a $90,000 a year
pay cut?
Does perception change with
race?
The Roots of prejudice:
• Social inequalities- the
“have’s” and “have
not’s”
• Scapegoating
• Categorization
• Just-World
Phenomenon
Social Inequalities
• The “have’s” rationalize
the prejudice.
• “Those people in the
ghetto deserve to be
there. Look at the
violence. They’re just
too lazy to go out and
get a job”
Scapegoating
• Blaming the ills, or
problems of society on
a group
All….
•
•
•
•
•
•
All athlete……
All Irish…..
All elderly…..
All obese people……
All Bayside students…..
All cheerleaders……
Categorization
• Simplifying our idea of
another group by
categorizing them as all
similar
Shoes vs. Sandals vs. Sneakers
• All those with shoes
must move to the left
side of the room
• Sandals move to the
middle section
• Sneakers to the right
• Each group is to
create a list of
reasons as to why the
other two groups are
not wearing the type
shoes like your group
wears.
“Us and Them”
Ingroup: People with whom one shares a
common identity. Outgroup: Those perceived as
different from one’s ingroup. Ingroup Bias: The
tendency to favor one’s own group.
Mike Hewitt/ Getty Images
Just-World Scale
• Reverse scores for items 1,4,5,8,10,13,16,17
and 20
(0=5, 1=4, 2=3, 3=2, 4=1, 5=0)
• Add up all twenty items
• Total scores can range from a 0 to 100 with
higher scores indicating a stronger belief in a
just world:
“People get what they deserve and deserve
what they get!”
Just -World Phenomenon
The tendency of people to believe the world is
just, and people get what they deserve and
deserve what they get
© The New Yorker Collection, 1981, Robert Mankoff from cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved.
Psychology of Aggression
Biological theories of
Aggression:
1. Freud- linked it to our
“death instinct”
which we usually
channel into
acceptable forms
like sports
Other biological causes:
2. GeneticAnimal have been bred for
aggressiveness (pit
bulls) and twin studies
who correlation
3. Neural – when the
amygdalas of animal
and human brains are
stimulated, it produces
aggression
• 4. Biochemical• Testosterone, alcohol
and other substances
can affect aggression.
Violent criminal have
higher levels.
Psychological causes of aggression:
• Frustration-aggression
principle: feeling
frustrated makes
aggression more likely
• Aversive stimuli: pain,
hot weather…can bring
about aggression
Social Trap:
• the pursuit of self-interest lead to collective
harm
• Ex: we continue to drive our fuel inefficient
cars despite warnings about greenhouse gases
Prosocial Behavior: the
psychology of helping
• Kitty Genovese case
in Kew Gardens NY.
Bystander Effect:
• Conditions in which people
are more or less likely to
help one another. In
general…the more people
around…the less chance of
help….because of…
• Diffusion of Responsibility
Pluralistic Ignorance
• People decide what to do by
looking to others.
Bystander Effect
Tendency of any given
bystander to be less
likely to give aid if other
bystanders are present.
Other terms:
• Altruism: unselfish regard for the welfare of
others
Reciprocity Norm
• The expectation that we should return help to
those who have helped us
Social Exchange theory
• When we weigh the costs of doing something
vs. the benefits
• Should I go to the effort to buy a b-day gift
and attend her party ($, time)? What is the
benefit? (reputation, admiration..are there
going to be important people there?...)
Attraction
Factors of Attraction:
Proximity, attraction,
similarity
1. Proximity
• Means nearness
Mere exposure
effect:
• Repeated exposure
to something breeds
liking.
2. Physical Attractiveness
The Hotty Factor
• Physically
attractiveness
predicts dating
frequency (they date
more).
• They are perceived as
healthier, happier,
more honest and
successful than less
attractive
counterparts.
• Still rated as #1 for
1st impressions
Effects of physical appearance
People tend to ascribe desirable
personality characteristics to good
looking people. They are
perceived as being healthier,
happier, more successful than
unattractive people.
In reality. . .
• Research indicates there is little correlation
between attractiveness and personality traits.
Good looks are not related to self-esteem
• Because people tend to downplay one’s
accomplishments and attribute them to their
good looks.
3. Similarity
• Paula Abdul was
wrong- opposites do
NOT attract.
• Birds of the same
feather do flock
together.
• Common attitudes,
beliefs, and interests
Romantic vs. Companionate love
• Romantic- marked by arousal “adrenaline
makes the heart grow fonder”
• Companionate- deep affectionate attachment
TWO Keys to an enduring
relationship:
• Equity- both partners receive in proportion to
what they give : possessions, emotional
support, duties etc….
• Self-disclosure- the revealing of intimate details
about ourselves: likes, dislikes, dreams, worries,
past regrets, etc….
• BOTH CREATE A DEEP LEVEL OF INTIMACY