Group Relations - Psychology with Cathy
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Transcript Group Relations - Psychology with Cathy
Intergroup Relations
Objectives
Distinguish between stereotypes,
prejudice, discrimination, and
ethnocentrism.
Understand the internal (within person)
and external (situational) variables that
lead to stereotypes, prejudice,
discrimination, and ethnocentrism.
Prejudicial Attitudes
Prejudice
Learned
negative attitude
Stereotype
Cognitive
component (thoughts)
Discrimination
Behavioral
component (actions)
Ethnocentrism
Judging
other culture’s practices as
inferior to one’s own
One Story
http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/chima
manda_adichie_the_danger_of_a_singl
e_story.html
Why is there prejudice?
Group dynamics
In-groups vs. out-groups
Interdependent vs. Independent response
Learned responses
Mental shortcuts / categorization
Selective attention (priorities)
Out-group homogeneity (they’re all the
same)
Why is there prejudice?
Competition
Displaced aggression
Downward social comparison
Scapegoating
Objectives
Describe how the processes of
categorization, memory, selective
attention, and attributional bias affect
the development and maintenance of
ethnocentric attitudes and stereotypes.
Stereotypes
Attributional bias
Situational cause (outside the person)
Dispositional cause (inside the person)
Saliency (what you notice quickly)
Selective attention
Memory
Why might the following happen?
A student reads a pro-Castro essay in
your class
Your report card shows all A’s for the
semester
A child hits another child on the
playground 2 days in a row
You speed on your way to work
Attributional Biases
Fundamental Attribution Error
Tendency to overestimate the extent to which people’s behavior is due to
their disposition and not the situation
Correspondence Bias
Tendency to infer that people’s behavior matches their personality
Just World Hypothesis
Bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people
Self-Serving Attributions
Crediting one’s own success with internal/dispositional factors but
explaining failures with external factors
“There he goes again...Satan’s pet.”
I know you miss the Wainwrights, Bobby, but they
were weak and stupid people—and that’s why we
have wolves and other large predators.
“Well, no, I can’t tell Harriet!...First thing
she’s gonna ask me is what I was doin’
checkin’ out a decoy!”
Empathy, Trust, Punishment
Empathy
How do you feel towards someone
who “cheats” you?
Physical Pain
Females
Males
Pain = anterior insula/fronto-insular cortex (AI/FI) & anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
Reward Processing
Nucleus Accumbens
Punishment is Rewarding
Objectives
Describe the contributions of basic
psychological processes to intergroup
relations.
Group
identity formation
Behavior in group
Competition
Cooperation
Group Identities
Discussion: why do humans form
groups?
Belonging,
comfort, support (information,
practical, emotional), resources/abilities,
protection, custom, “wolf pack”, back up, play a
role, unity, goals, power, companionship
Group Identities
Collective identity
Symbolic representation of ‘commonness’ among
a group of people, in contrast to other collectives
Often defined under threat from another group
Includes shared history, origin, boundaries
Identity formation – Sherif camp
experiment
Group Identities
In-group vs. outgroup judgments:
self-esteem, self definition (Tajfel)
Entity model of ingroup identity:
shared identity
Network model of ingroup identity:
relationship connection
Competition vs. Cooperation
Zero sum games: my gain is your loss
Non-zero sum games: both can win
Negotiation strategies
Adversarial (my side) vs. compromise (offer
solutions to satisfy the other)
Social Loafing: let team do your work
Social Striving: do more for the team
Objectives
Describe the cultural differences in
approaches to negotiations
Describe the common causes of
intergroup conflict
Identify the variables likely to escalate a
conflict
Identify the variables likely to resolve a
conflict
Negotiations
contract vs. relationship goal
win-win vs. win-lose negotiation attitudes
formal vs. informal styles
indirect vs. direct communication
approaches to time
general vs. specific agreement
building a deal bottom-up vs. top-down
decision-makers
risk-taker vs. risk-aversive
Causes of Intergroup Conflict
Activity
Discussion: Under what conditions is
conflict likely to begin or escalate
between groups?
Lens Model of Conflict & Attribution
Each person has a lens or filter
through which they look at the
conflict (Hockner)
Your
communication acts
What you think you are communicating
Other’s communication acts
What they think they are communicating
What you think they are communicating
What they think you are communicating
Meaning of the relationship
Why is there Intergroup Conflict?
Competition, discordant goals
Dr. Jones: studying a disease contracted by pregnant women that causes serious
brain, eye, and ear damage to unborn children unless the pregnant mothers are
inoculated early in their pregnancies. The Ugli Orange can be made into a
synthetic chemical serum by Dr. Jones’ company to prevent disease spread.
Dr. Roland: there’s a recent leak of nerve gas from old chemical warfare bombs
stored in bomb chambers on a small Pacific island. Thousands of people will die or
suffer serious brain damage if the gas gets out of the bomb chambers and spreads
to the coast. The Ugli Orange can be made into a synthetic chemical gas to
neutralize the nerve gas.
Zero-sum game approaches
Focusing
on position (need all oranges),
ignoring interests (need juice vs. rind)
In-group/out-group distinctions
Why is there Intergroup Conflict?
Attributions
Misunderstanding perspectives
Prejudice, ethnocentrism, lack of trust
Resolutions
Solutions from the 3rd side
3:07-6:49, 15:40-17:58
http://www.ted.com/talks/william_ury.ht
ml
Perspective
Common identity & goals
Mathematics: structure of the
insurgents :49-6:01
http://www.ted.com/talks/sean_gourley_
on_the_mathematics_of_war.html
Conflict Escalation
Splitting
Loss
of power of surrogate leader
Economic or military disaster
War
Group to blame
Emotions,
justification of strong measures
Motivated group
Hate Groups
Discussion: What kinds of groups are
common in the United States? What
kinds of groups are more likely to
create in-group favoritism or friction
with out-groups?
Roles in a War
Situation likely to start a war
Difficult life conditions
Lack of personal control in changing situation
Group conflict + devaluation of outgroup
Perpetrators
Respect for authority, monolithic cultural view,
harming leads to more harming
Bystanders
Cognitive dissonance, just world hypothesis
Heroic Helpers
Separate from group, personal relationship with
outgroup, prosocial orientation