Transcript Prejudice and discrimination 1 - gleneaglespsych1-2

ATTITUDES
TOWARDS
PEOPLE
STEREOTYPING
PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION
Time to draw!
• Draw a scientist!
STEREOTYPES
• When we evaluate people, we tend to do so
by trying to fit them into a category based on
our knowledge of people and the world
• E.g. Male/female, young/old,
Australian/Vietnamese
• This process of grouping or ‘fitting’ people
into a category based on what we know about
them is called stereotyping
STEREOTYPES
• A stereotype is a collection of beliefs that we
have about the people who belong to a
certain group, regardless of individual
differences among members of that group
• Let’s compare our drawings!
STEREOTYPES
• It is predicted that more people will draw a
male scientist than a female scientist based on
gender stereotypes
• Mead’s study (1935) pg. 339
STEREOTYPES
• However, when we stereotype a person as
belonging to a particular group, we ignore
their individuality
• Complete Learning Activity 8.10 ‘Stereotypes
and expectations’
STEREOTYPES
• Another problem with stereotyping is that it
can lead to stigmatisation. A stigma is a
negative label associated with disapproval or
rejection by others who are not labelled in
that way
• This can lead to the stigmatised person feeling
rejected, ignored, devalued  feelings of
shame, disgrace, low self esteem etc
Let’s think back to our childhood!
• In groups of 3-4, you are to choose a fairytale
to re-write, challenging all the stereotypes
that they contain! For example, ‘the prince’
will not be handsome. ‘The two ugly stepsisters’ are actually supermodels! ‘The big,
bad wolf’ is actually lovely!
Here are some ideas....
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Little Red Riding Hood
Hansel and Gretel
Sleeping Beauty
Rapunzel
Snow White
Thumbelina
Goldilocks and the three bears
Cinderella
Story time is next
Tuesday!
Prejudice and discrimination
• Stereotyping can lead to
prejudice which can in turn
result in discrimination
• Term prejudice means
‘prejudgement’
• Prejudice can be positive or
negative
• Prejudiced in favour of heavy
metal music or against heavy
metal music
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjZ
wi_PJiio – black or white MJ
• Psychology has tended to focus on study of prejudice
as a negative attitude
• Mainly b/c of the social problems that prejudice
towards other people can cause
• Prejudice if often defined in psychology as holding a
negative attitude towards the members of a group,
based solely on their membership of that group
Who?
• Any group can be the focus of prejudice
(women, men, members of an ethnic
group such as Chinese or Greeks,
members of a particular religious group,
indigenous people such as Aboriginals,
elderly people, people with a mental
illness or AIDS, certain occupations, such
as truck drivers
4 basic characteristics of prejudicewhich can often be observed among
members of a majority social group
• Tend to believe superior to minority groups
• Majority groups tend to believe the minority
group is different from them and that ‘they do not
belong’
• Majority group tend to believe they are the more
powerful and important than the minority group
• A majority group that displays prejudiced attitudes
is insecure, fearing that the minority group may
become more powerful and important than itself
• Old fashioned racial prejudice
typically involves a view that
white people are biologically
superior to black people and
that the races should be
segregated
• Pederson and Walker describe
modern prejudice as a form of
prejudice which is more
subtle, hidden and expressed
in ways more likely to be
accepted within the majority
group
• More likely today to keep their real views
private and not share them openly when it is
believed that those views may be socially
unacceptable and may reflect on them in an
unfavourable way
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AC
P-mjyERK0- Rwanda
• Prejudice has been the cause of
man atrocities worldwide including
- The extermination of millions of
Jews by the Nazis
- The mass slaughter and
dispossession of Aborigines,
particularly in Tasmania where
many were forced to adopt
European culture
- The auctioning of Africans as slaves
in the US/
• In Australia society and other westers
societies modem forms of prejudice are more
common than old fashioned forms
• Mainly because open expressions of
prejudiced behaviour such as name calling,
abuse and discrimination are illegal and
socially acceptable
• Prejudice can also be expressed through
behaviour – when this occurs it is called
discrimination
• Discrimination refers to positive or negative
behaviour that is directed towards a social group
and its members
• Discrimination can take many forms eg Hitler's
attempt to kill all Jewish people during World
War II
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIw540m
_hOA&feature=related
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJeJrJtjfm
8&feature=related
• Create a venn diagram outlining the key
differences between discrimination and
prejudice
• PREJUDICE IS AN ATTITUDE
• DISCRIMINATION IS A BEHAVIOUR ARISING
FROM PREJUDICE
• When prejudice and discrimination are
directed at people who are members of a
particular racial or ethnic group eg Somalians,
Aboriginals, Asians it is called RACISM
• When directed at people because of their age
it is called – AGEISM
• When directed at men or women because of
their sex - SEXISM
Article analysis task
• Look at articles and highlight key
discrimination issues and solutions to
problems
• Then complete 8.17 pg 346
• Victorian Equal opportunity and Human rights
commission (2009)
• Describes 2 forms of discrimination
DIRECT AND INDIRECT
Find what the difference is….
Q. 4 (Pg. 343)
• DIRECT –treated unfairly and disadvantaged
because of a personal characteristics (e.g.
overlooked for job on basis of race, gender,
age and religious belief)
• INDIRECT – when treating everyone the same
way disadvantages someone b/c of personal
characteristics e.g. not being able to wear a
headscarf
• Complete learning activity 8.14 pg 343
• What is the difference between prejudice and
discrimination?
• Define the word ‘stigma’ by using moo dictionary
- A stigma is a negative label associated with
disapproval or rejection by others who are not
labelled in that way
- If a social or cultural group is stigmatized or
negatively evaluated then members of that group
can feel like outcasts who are devalued, ignored and
rejected by others
• Psychologists have proposed many different factors that
contribute to the development of prejudice
• What/who do you think might contribute to prejudice?
• Like attitudes prejudice is primarily influenced by learning
processes including repeated exposure
• Eg children hear many prejudiced views expressed by parents,
other adults and peers and they may adopt these views
(children also learn prejudices from messages conveyed in the
media)
IN GROUP VS OUT GROUP
• In group – group that you belong to and identify with
• Out group – any group you do not belong to or
identify with
• Intergroup conflict – occurs when members of
different groups compete to achieve or control
something that is wanted by the members fo each
group (in particular competition over economic
resources like jobs)
ATTRIBUTIONS
• Process of trying to explain observed behaviour
• Attribution can be internal (from within the person)
External (from the environment)
- Attribution is personalized and a subjective process
Fundamental attribution error – people tend to overestimate the
influences of personal characteristics and underestimate the
influence of the situation they are in when explaining a
persons behaviour (tend to automatically assign judgment to
person rather than situation) eg bikie shouting and arguing at
a policeman – might conclude that bikies are rebellious and
aggressive. You might not consider that soemthing in the
situation cause the behaviour (such as bikie being blames for
something he didn’t do)
• Just world hypothesis- tendency for individuals to
believe that they live in a world where people
generally get what they deserve and deserve what
they get
• When something tragic happens tend to believe that
they deserved it rather than believe situational
factors were responsible for it
• Eg Carl Williams deserved being murdered b/c they
have done things wrong in their past to harm others
(this type of false belief can form the basis of
prejudice
Quiz- attitude formation and change
go over quiz and write a summary of
notes for what you did not know
Attitude formation and change
Cognitive interventions
Involve changing the way in which someone thinks
about prejudice
E.g. may require a prejudiced person or group to
consider prejudice from the victims perspective
If people can be encouraged to understand others
based on their individual characteristics rather than
generalizing some of their characteristics to
stereotype them then prejudice may be lessened
• American psychologist believes that
everyone's thinking is influences by their
exposure to negative stereotypes
• Can occur in many aspects of daily life such as
in the home, at work, at school, when
socializing with friends
To overcome prejudice 3 step process
1)
2)
3)
Individual must decide that their prejudiced behaviour and
attitude are wrong and consciously reject prejudice and
stereotyped thinking
Must make their non-prejudiced beliefs and important part
of their self concept (that is how they think and feel about
themselves as a person)
Individual must learn to suppress or block from conscious
awareness prejudicial reactions that may occur and
deliberately replace them with non prejudiced responses
that are based on their personal standards
Every person is a unique individual
Measurement of attitudes
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Observational studies
Self-report methods
Questionaires, surveys
interviews
Rating scales
• Break up into groups each group becomes an expert on topic
teaches the class and has to create an example for class (eg
come up with a question like marriage – so would you marry
another ethnic group and create a questionaire for class
based on topic etc)
Advantages and disadvantages pg 365
ETHICS
• Complete learning activity 8.17 pg 346 and
8.16 pg 344