Transcript Affiliated Groups

GROUPS
Prof.Dr. Rana ÖZEN KUTANİS
GROUP
• Two or more individuals,
• interacting and interdependent,
• who come together to achieve particular
objectives.
Doç. Dr. Rana Özen Kutanis
TYPES OF GROUPS
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Formal and Informal groups
Primary and Secondary groups
Reference and Membership groups
Affiliated groups
Doç. Dr. Rana Özen Kutanis
Formal Groups:
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Defined by organization
Established
Distribution of tasks among members.
Jobs and relations are clearly defined.
Is estabished to accomplish the given tasks and achieve certain
results under the legal and formal authority.
Members interact each other and positive feelings develops.
Emotions provide basis for specific activities (Lunches,behaviors with
other groups).
Original methods are developed.
They have durable and planned structures.
Task groups (temporary) develops. They distrubute tasks themselves.
Are established for solving problems and disperse when the problems
are solved.
If human relations are not met in organizations, informal
organizations may occur.
Doç. Dr. Rana Özen Kutanis
Informal Groups
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Formed by organization members.
Norms and roles develops (Socail values are integrated and reinforced)
Attitudes and rules are premises of values.
Small groups are «cliques»
Horizontal Cliques: Employees working at the same level and in the same
field.
Vertical Cliques: Employees working in the same field but different levels in
organizations.
Random(Cross)Cliques: Employees from various fields and departments
Cliques likens illegal organizations are dangerous for organizations.
Does not occur if formal organization does not exist.
Are less organized and exhibit covert behaviors.
Provides appreciation,respect,status and so on. Brings social satisfaction.
Provides protection and maintance of cultural values.
Facilitates communication (quick and fast).
Teach behaviors to members by guiding (Alumni in an organization)
Doç. Dr. Rana Özen Kutanis
Primary Groups
• Consists of direct relationships (unmediated and face to
face).They meet frequently.
• Close relationships,solidarity,intimacy and continual
meeting.
• Individuals join in an common unified whole(family,
children’s play groups, military and business friendship,
friendships)
• Opportunity to communicate frequently
• Besides solidarity and emotional support there may be
severe and conscious conflict and formation of cliques.
• Group of officers who is working in the same department
and know each other very well.
• Employee groups registered to labor union.
Doç. Dr. Rana Özen Kutanis
Secondary Groups
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Built on common and lofty ideals and causes.
Members may not see each other closely, relations are limited.
Members have interaction with each other.
Employers, students, military personel group, party members
Members are asked for limited services.
Relations: intellectual, mental, contracted, non-personal.
Satisfy the feelings of its members by providing the necessary
tools to achieve the objectives(wage).
• Universities, citizens, countrymans, labor unions
Doç. Dr. Rana Özen Kutanis
Membership Groups
• Groups that people are already members and
operating within(family, politic, religous, social
groups, choir)
• Has been developed to describe the status of one's
own.
• One person may be at the same time more than
one member of the group.
• Can be a family member, member of
alumni,member of organization and has active or
passive tasks.
• Has tangible and intangible dimensions.
Doç. Dr. Rana Özen Kutanis
Reference Groups
• Family= sense of affiliation, whereas sharing attitudes is a positive
reference group component; cigaratte aand alcohol are negative
components.
• One of the social factors shaping the role of the individual's attitudes
and behavior.
• Individual associates his/herself as a member and desires associating
psychologically.
• Individual determines targets and standarts that realize his/her
aspiration; evaluates his/her performance
• Shapes the one’s perception of his/her environment.
• Advance of socializing;implementation of the behavior that is belong to
group.
• Individual is in consistency with group psychologically, evaluates
his/herself related to the group.
• The individual is not a member yet but would like to become a
member. (chief – deputy manager– manager)
• Managers’ group that a chief wants to promote to.
Doç. Dr. Rana Özen Kutanis
Affiliated Groups
Is related to the degree of dependency of group
members on each other to achieve certain goals.
• Interacting Groups: If a member's job to accomplish
is connected to another member(assembly line
workers, basketball team players)
• Coacting Groups:The work of individual group
member is independent(sales persons in
supermarkets)
Doç. Dr. Rana Özen Kutanis
GROUP DECISION MAKING TECHNIQUES
1- Committees and Interacting Groups:
• Consists of members who met face to face continuously.
• One of the classical methods used to solve organizational
problems.
• Method and problems engendered, has been criticized.
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Nothing is exactly done.
No one is willigness to take the responsibility.
No one can get exactly what he/she wants.
Not always wrong.
Traditional structure of group interaction reduces the effectiveness
(the division of power, repressive attitudes and norms)
• Discussions,rather than solving problems can turn into a
personality conflict criticizing each other’s ideas.
• Group leaders/repressive group members may speak
unnecessariliy and may not give opportunity for contribution of
other members.
• Fast low-cost.
Doç. Dr. Rana Özen Kutanis
2-Brain Stroming
• Given a topic to a group of 5-10 members,possible ideas and
solutions are collected.
• Members are encouraged to produce ideas and their ideas are
not blocked,cut,silenced and criticized.
• Ideas are written on a table to be addressed later.
• After collecting all ideas, they are combined or developed(can
be critized at that stage).
• Adopted ideas are brougt together and new ideas are formed.
• There is no time constraint, which is important as a good
understanding of the problem by the members
• Group leader should reflect problems as anyone can understand
them.
• Members that have aggressive behaviors can be warned.
Doç. Dr. Rana Özen Kutanis
3-Nominal Grouping
• 1- Presentation of the problem related to group.
• 2- Writing ideas on paper in silence
• 3- Writing the ideas on board in a particular way by group
leader and provide feedback.
• 4- Group discussions with the re-arrangement and
recording of ideas.
• 5- Put ideas in order of priority and ranking them.
• 6- Scoring these ideas and hane them marked by group
leader.
• 7- Emergence of group decision according to
mathematically defined results and acceptence of them.
Doç. Dr. Rana Özen Kutanis
4-Delphi Technique
• 1- Topics are selected and defined. Question forms related
to topic are carrefully prepared. Committee of specialists
problem solving group.
• 2- Members fill these forms independently in a particular
time and send to a headquarter.
• 3- Forms are collected in the headquarter and analyzed
there by mean scores.
• 4- Results are send back to members. Members examine
the results taking into account to other members’ results.
• 5- Question-forms are re-sent to members(same as the first
ed. Or the modified ed.). Members are asked for reassesmet of results.Members send their new ideas and
solutions to headquarter once again.
• 6- New statistical assessments are made in headquarter
and 4. and 5. stages are repeated until a concensus is held
among members (3-5 times).
Doç. Dr. Rana Özen Kutanis
Effectiveness
Criteria
Committees
and Interacting
Groups
Brain Stroming
Nominal Grouping Delphi
Technique
Number of ideas
Low
Moderate
High
High
Quality of ideas
Low
Moderate
High
High
Social Pressure
High
Low
Moderate
Low
Time-Cost
Moderate
Low
Low
High
Task Harmony
Low
High
High
High
Interpersonal Conflict High
Potential
Low
Moderate
Low
Task Orientation
High to Low
High
Low
Moderate
Commitment to
Solution
High
Not
Acceptable
Moderate
Low
Development of group
cohesiveness
High
High
Moderate
Low
Doç. Dr. Rana Özen Kutanis
Thank You...