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Management, 9/e
John R. Schermerhorn, Jr.
Chapter 15:
Individual Behavior
Prepared by: Jim LoPresti
University of Colorado, Boulder
Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Study Question 1: How do perceptions influence
individual behavior?
Perception.
The process through which people
receive and interpret information from
the environment.
People can perceive the same things
or situations differently.
People behave on the basis of their
perceptions.
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Figure 15.1 Perception and communication.
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Study Question 1: How do perceptions influence
individual behavior?
Psychological contract
Person-job fit begins here.
A set of expectations held by an individual
about what will be given and received in the
employment relationship.
An ideal work situation is one with a fair
psychological contract.
Balance of contributions and inducements.
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Study Question 1: How do perceptions influence
individual behavior?
Perception and attribution.
Attribution
Fundamental attribution error
The process of developing explanations for events.
Occurs when observers blame another’s
performance failures or problems on internal
factors rather than external factors.
Self-serving bias
Occurs because individuals blame their personal
performance failures or problems on external
factors and attribute their successes to internal
factors.
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Study Question 1: How do perceptions influence
individual behavior?
Perceptual tendencies and
distortions:
Stereotypes.
Occur when someone is identified with a
group or category, and then oversimplified
attributes associated with the group or
category are used to describe the individual.
Halo effects.
Occur when one attribute is used to develop
an overall impression of a person or
situation.
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Study Question 1: How do perceptions influence
individual behavior?
Perceptual tendencies and
distortions:
Selective perception.
The tendency to single out for attention
those aspects of a situation or attributes
of a person that reinforce or appear
consistent with one’s existing beliefs,
values, or needs.
Projection.
The assignment of personal attributes to
other individuals.
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Study Question 1: How do perceptions influence
individual behavior?
Perceptual tendencies and
distortions:
Projection.
The assignment of personal attributes to
other individuals.
Impression management
The systematic attempt to influence how
others perceive us.
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Study Question 2: What should we know about
personalities in the workplace?
Personality
The combination or overall profile of characteristics
that makes one person unique from others.
“Big Five” personality traits:
Extroversion.
The degree to which someone is outgoing, sociable,
and assertive.
Agreeableness.
The degree to which someone is good-natured,
cooperative, and trusting.
Conscientiousness.
The degree to which someone is responsible,
dependable, and careful.
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Study Question 2: What should we know about
personalities in the workplace?
“Big Five” personality traits:
Emotional stability.
The degree to which someone is relaxed,
secure, and unworried.
Openness.
The degree to which someone is curious,
receptive to new things, and open to
change.
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Study Question 2: What should we know about
personalities in the workplace?
Other personality traits that affect work
behavior:
Locus of control.
The extent to which people believe they
are in control of their destinies versus
believing that that what happens to them
is beyond their control.
Authoritarianism.
The degree to which a person defers to
authority and accepts status differences.
Machiavellianism.
The extent to which someone is
emotionally detached and manipulative in
using power.
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Study Question 2: What should we know about
personalities in the workplace?
Other personality traits that affect
work behavior:
Problem-solving styles.
The ways people gather and evaluate
information for decision making. .
Self-monitoring.
The degree to which someone is able to
adjust and modify behavior in response to
the situation and external factors.
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Study Question 3: How do attitudes influence
individual behavior?
Attitude.
A predisposition to act in a certain way toward
people and things in one’s environment.
Components of attitudes:
Cognitive component.
Affective or emotional component.
Behavioral component.
Cognitive dissonance.
The discomfort a person feels when attitudes
and behavior are inconsistent.
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Study Question 3: How do attitudes influence
individual behavior?
Job satisfaction.
The degree to which an individual feels
positively or negatively about various aspects
of work.
Common aspects of job satisfaction:
Pay.
Coworkers.
Supervision.
Work setting.
Advancement opportunities.
Workload.
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Study Question 3: How do attitudes influence
individual behavior?
Strong and positive relationship between
satisfaction and absenteeism and turnover.
Satisfaction-related concepts having quality
of work life implications …
Job involvement
The extent to which an individual is dedicated to
a job.
Organizational commitment
Loyalty of an individual to the organization.
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Study Question 3: How do attitudes influence
individual behavior?
Job performance.
The quantity and quality of task
accomplishments by an individual or group at
work.
Individual performance equation:
Performance begins with ability.
Performance requires support.
Performance involves effort.
Performance = Ability x Support x Effort
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Study Question 4: What are the dynamics of stress
and stress management?
Stress
A state of tension experienced by individuals
facing extraordinary demands, constraints, or
opportunities.
Stressors
Things that cause stress
Originate in work, personal, and nonwork
situations.
Have the potential to influence work attitudes,
behavior, job performance, and health.
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Study Question 4: What are the dynamics of stress
and stress management?
Work factors as potential stressors:
Includes:
Excessively high or low task demands.
Role conflicts or ambiguities.
Poor interpersonal relationships.
Too slow or too fast career progress.
Work-related stress syndromes:
Set up to fail.
Mistaken identity.
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Study Question 4: What are the dynamics of stress
and stress management?
Personal factors as potential stressors:
Includes needs, capabilities, and personality.
Stressful behavior patterns of the Type A
personality:
Always moving, walking, and eating rapidly.
Acting impatient, hurrying others, disliking
waiting.
Doing, or trying to do, several things at once.
Feeling guilty when relaxing.
Trying to schedule more in less time.
Using nervous gestures such as a clenched fist.
Hurrying or interrupting the speech of others.
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Study Question 4: What are the dynamics of stress
and stress management?
Nonwork factors as potential stressors:
Includes:
Family events.
Economics.
Personal affairs.
“Spill-over” effect on the stress an
individual experiences at work.
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Study Question 4: What are the dynamics of stress
and stress management?
Consequences of stress:
Constructive stress.
Acts as a positive influence.
Can be energizing and performance
enhancing.
Destructive stress.
Acts as a negative influence.
Breaks down a person’s physical and
mental systems.
Can lead to job burnout and/or workplace
rage.
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Figure 15.4 Potential negative consequences of a
destructive job stress-burnout cycle.
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Study Question 4: What are the dynamics of stress
and stress management?
Personal wellness:
The pursuit of personal and mental
potential though a personal health-
promotion program.
A form of preventative stress
management.
Enables people to be better prepared to
deal with stress.
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