Transcript Prejudice: Disliking Others

Prejudice: Disliking Others
Social Psychology
by David G. Myers 9th Edition
Prejudice: Disliking Others
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Prejudice: Disliking Others
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cM8itbL
0oXM
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=99R3aZ
3UrGw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L34_VQQ
kkxM&feature=related
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Prejudice: Disliking Others
Prejudice
• Prejudice comes in many forms-for our own group
and against some other group: “northeastern
liberals”, “southern hillbillies”, Arab “terrorists”,
people who are short, fat, or homely, etc.
• Shortly after 9/11 hostilities flared up against
people who appeared to be of Arab descent.
• What are some other prejudices? What are some
of your prejudices?
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
The Nature and Power of Prejudice
Prejudice: Disliking Others
• What is prejudice?
– Prejudice: a preconceived negative judgment of a group and it’s individual
members
• Prejudice is an attitude
• A prejudiced person may dislike those of a particular group and may behave in
a discriminatory manner.
• Do you think it is possible to be completely free of prejudice?
– Stereotype: a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people.
• Stereotypes are sometimes over generalized, inaccurate, and resistant to new
information.
• Some common stereotypes according to research:
– Women who keep their last name are seen as more assertive.
– Research has shown that Europeans have definite ideas about other Europeans.
They see Germans as hardworking, the French as pleasure-loving, the British as
cool and unexcitable, Italians as amorous, and the Dutch as reliable.
– Can you think of any other stereotypes?
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0nIXUjzyMe0
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWc1e3Nbc2g&feature=related
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Prejudice: Disliking Others
The Nature and Power of Prejudice
– While prejudice in a negative attitude,
discrimination is negative behavior.
– Discrimination: unjustified negative behavior
• Racism: prejudicial attitudes/discrimination on the
basis of race
• Sexism: prejudicial attitudes/discrimination on the
basis of sex
• Have you ever felt that you were discriminated?
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Prejudice: Disliking Others
The Nature and Power of Prejudice
– Prejudice: Subtle and overt
• We may have explicit (conscious) and implicit
(unconscious) attitudes which cause us to be
prejudiced.
• You may essentially not know you are behaving in a
prejudiced way.
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Prejudice: Disliking Others
The Nature and Power of Prejudice
•
Racial Prejudice
–
–
–
–
To a molecular biologist skin color is simply one miniscule genetic difference. It seems to be a
bigger issue to people. It is people, not nature, who labels Tiger Woods as African-American,
despite the fact that he is 25% African American, 25% Thai, 25% Chinese, 1/8 th Native
American, and 1/8th Dutch.
44% of Americans think their peers are prejudiced, but only 14% admitted to being prejudiced.
Is racial prejudice disappearing?
Subtle forms of prejudice
•
•
•
•
–
Prejudice and discrimination sometimes surface when people can hide behind the screen of some other
motive
Behavior can also be biased. In a study, it was noted that when negotiating a price for a new car, men
where offered lower prices than women.
Individuals with white names (Greg, Emily) received one call back for every 10 resumes sent, whereas
individuals with “black’ names (Jamal, Lakisha) received 1 call for every 15 resumes sent.
Minorities are sometimes over praised or over criticized. When given a poorly written essay and told it
was written by a black student, college students rated it higher than when told it was written by a White
student.
Automatic prejudice:
•
We at times have automatic reactions to certain groups.
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Prejudice: Disliking Others
The Nature and Power of Prejudice
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Prejudice: Disliking Others
The Nature and Power of Prejudice
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Prejudice: Disliking Others
The Nature and Power of Prejudice
• Gender Prejudice
– Gender stereotypes:
• Appear to be stronger than racial stereotypes
– Sexism: Benevolent and hostile
• In 1937 only 1/3 stated they would vote for a qualified woman
for president. In 2006, 86% said they would.
– Gender discrimination
• 2/3rds of the world’s unschooled children are girls
• In 2003, in the US, expecting parents were surveyed revealing
that 38% of parents preferred raising a boy.
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Prejudice: Disliking Others
Social Sources of Prejudice
• Social inequalities
– Unequal status breeds prejudice
• In the US, Asians, Jews, Germans, non traditional women, gay men,
and assertive African Americans tend to be respected, but not liked so
well. Traditionally subordinate Hispanics and African Americans,
traditional women, less masculine gay men, and people with
disabilities tend to be seen as less competent, but liked for their
emotional, spiritual, artistic, or athletic abilities.
– Social dominance orientation: a motivation to have one’s group
dominate other social groups.
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Prejudice: Disliking Others
Social Sources of Prejudice
• Socialization: children have racial attitudes that reflect
those of their parents.
– Authoritarian personality: more likely to be prejudiced
– Religion and prejudice: prejudice towards non members or specific
groups
– Conformity: if prejudice is socially accepted, many will follow the
path of least resistance and conform.
• Institutional supports: social institutions may bolster
prejudice through certain overt policies
– In the 1970’s many banks denied loans to unmarried women and
minorities.
– In stories read at school, girls are usually portrayed as the weaker
sex.
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Prejudice: Disliking Others
Motivational Sources of Prejudice
•
Frustration and aggression: The scapegoat
theory
– Frustration can lead to displaced
aggression or blaming a particular group.
•
Social identity theory: Feeling superior to
others
– Humans cheer for their group, kill for their
group, and die for their group.
– Our self concept contains what group we
are part of.
– We associate our self with certain groups
and gain self-esteem by doing this and we
compare our group with other groups.
– Ingroup bias: you are biased towards your
group.
– Need for status, self-regard, and belonging
•
Motivation to avoid prejudice
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Prejudice: Disliking Others
Motivational Sources of Prejudice
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Prejudice: Disliking Others
Cognitive Sources of Prejudice
• Categorization: Classifying people into groups
– Ethnicity and sex are powerful ways of
categorizing people into groups.
– We see people in groups as similar to each other
• For example, Latinos are sometimes lumped together,
forgetting important differences
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Prejudice: Disliking Others
Cognitive Sources of Prejudice
• Distinctiveness: Perceiving people who stand out
– Distinctive people:
• When you are the only one of your particular ethnicity you
may stand out and get more attention. People tend to pay
more attention when something is out of the ordinary.
• Distinctiveness may make you feel self conscious
• Has this ever happened to you?
– Stigma consciousness: a person’s expectation of being
victimized by prejudice or discrimination
• How people think other’s will stereotype them
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Prejudice: Disliking Others
Cognitive Sources of Prejudice
• Attribution: Is it a just world?
– Group-serving bias:
• When explaining acts committed by a member of another
group, we are usually biased. If someone in our group refuses
to make a donation, we may say they are going through a
rough time. If someone from another group refuses to donate
we say they are cheap.
– The just-world phenomenon: the tendency for people to
think the world is just and people get what they
deserve.
• We see someone being victimized and say they deserve it/
– Example: battered women
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Prejudice: Disliking Others
The Consequences of Prejudice
• Self-perpetuating stereotypes:
– We all make judgments
– Whenever a member of a group behaves as expected we note
it as confirmation.
– Perhaps you remember a time when you could not change
someone’s opinion of you. When no matter what you did,
you were misinterpreted. Misinterpretations are likely when
someone expects an unpleasant encounter with you.
• Discrimination’s impact: The self-fulfilling prophecy
• Stereotype threat:
– When you feel people expect you to perform poorly, you may
become anxious and do worse
• Do stereotypes bias judgments of individuals?
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Prejudice: Disliking Others
The Consequences of Prejudice
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Prejudice: Disliking Others
Prejudice & Discrimination
• What are some of your prejudices? How
did they come about?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_YyLE
jfQUg
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.