Transcript Psychology

PSYCHOLOGY
(8th Edition)
David Myers
PowerPoint Slides
Aneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2006
1
DHP’s
3-9
3-10
3-11
3-12
3-13
3-14
Text Ch. 12
468-494
Text Ch. 12-13
495-523
Text Ch. 13
524-547
Text Ch. 14
549-561
Text Ch. 14
562-575
Text Ch. 14
581-593
3-16-09
TEST
2
Motivation and Work
Chapter 12
3
Motivation and Work
Perspectives on Motivation
 Instincts and Evolutionary
Psychology
 Drives and Incentives
 Optimum Arousal
 A Hierarchy of Motivations
4
Motivation and Work
Hunger
 The Physiology of Hunger
 The Psychology of Hunger
Sexual Motivation
 The Physiology of Sex
 The Psychology of Sex
5
Motivation and Work
Sexual Motivation
 Adolescent Sexuality
 Sexual Orientation
 Sex and Human Values
The Need to Belong
6
Motivation and Work
Motivation at Work
 Personnel Psychology
 Organizing Psychology: Motivating
Achievement
7
Definition
Motivation is a need or
desire that energizes
behavior and directs it
towards a goal.
AP Photo/ Rocky Mountain News, Judy Walgren
Alan Ralston was
motivated to cut his
arm in order to free
himself from a rock
that pinned him
down.
Alan Ralston
8
Help to explain motivation include the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Instinct Theory
Drive-Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Hierarchy of Motives
9
Instincts are complex behaviors that have
fixed patterns throughout different species
and are not learned (Tinbergen, 1951).
…imprinting, rooting reflex
– physiological needs and psychological wants
– genes predispose species-typical behavior
remains strong
Tony Brandenburg/ Bruce Coleman, Inc.
© Ariel Skelley/ Masterfile
Where the woman builds different kinds of houses
the bird builds only one kind of nest.
10
When the instinct theory of motivation failed it was replaced by
the drive-reduction theory.
A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that
motivates an organism to satisfy the need (Hull, 1951).
…eating or drinking
•main goal is HOMEOSTASIS = steady / balanced / stable internal state; regulation of any
aspect of body chemistry…blood glucose, steady body temperature
incentives – a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Drive
Reduction
Food
Empty
Stomach
Stomach
Full
(Food Deprived)
A food-deprived person who smells baking bread (incentive) feels a strong hunger drive.
NEEDS PUSH…INCENTIVES PULL
11
Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal, not to eliminate it. Young monkeys
and children are known to explore the environment in the absence of a need-based drive.
Randy Faris/ Corbis
Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin
• some motivated behaviors INCREASE arousal
•Driven by curiosity… drive to explore the relatively unfamiliar is one of several
motives that don’t fill immediate physiological need
12
Hierarch of Needs
Abraham Maslow (1970)
suggested that certain needs
have priority over others.
Physiological needs like
breathing, thirst, and hunger
come before psychological
needs such as achievement,
self-esteem, and the need for
recognition.
(1908-1970)
13
Hierarch of Needs
Joe Skipper/ Reuters/ Corbis
Mario Tama/ Getty Images
David Portnoy/ Getty Images for Stern
Menahem Kahana/ AFP/ Getty Images
Hurricane Survivors
14
After completing the self –rating scale (handout 12-3) answer the following questions.
1.
Presumably, lower level needs are to some degree satisfied before higher needs become operative. Do
needs lower in the hierarchy receive higher satisfaction ratings?
2.
Is it easier to think of behaviors belonging to one level rather than another? What does this suggest?
3.
Do certain behaviors reflect more than one motive?
4.
Are there important motives not included in the hierarchy?
5.
Are you failing to meet some needs in the hierarchy? If os, does this suggest changes you would like to
make in your priorities?
15
When do we eat?
When are we hungry?
When there is no food in our stomach.
How do we know when our stomach is empty?
Our stomach growls. These are also called
hunger pangs.
16
Stomach contractions (pangs) send signals to
the brain making us aware of our hunger.
17
Stomachs Removed
Tsang (1938) removed rat stomachs, connected the
esophagus to the small intestines, and the rats still
felt hungry (and ate food).
18
1. Body Chemistry – body automatically regulates caloric
intake to prevent energy deficits and maintain a stable
body weight…i.e. GLUCOSE =>the form of sugar that
circulates in the blood; provides the major source of
energy for body tissues, if glucose levels decrease,
hunger increases
Glucose: C6H12O6
Glucose Molecule
19
Glucose & the Brain
2. Levels of glucose in the blood
are monitored by receptors
(neurons) in the stomach, liver,
and intestines. They send signals
to the hypothalamus in the brain.
Rat Hypothalamus
20
Hypothalamic Centers
The lateral hypothalamus (LH) brings on hunger
(stimulation). Destroy the LH, and the animal has
no interest in eating. The reduction of blood
glucose stimulates orexin in the LH, which leads
rats to eat ravenously.
21
Hypothalamic Centers
The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
depresses hunger (stimulation). Destroy the
VMH, and the animal eats excessively.
Richard Howard
22
Hypothalamus & Hormones
Hormone
Tissue
Response
Orexin increase
Hypothalamus
Increases hunger
Ghrelin increase Stomach
Increases hunger
Insulin increase
Pancreas
Increases hunger
Leptin increase
Fat cells
Decreases hunger
PPY increase
Digestive tract
Decreases hunger
The hypothalamus monitors a number of hormones that
23
are related to hunger.
• the point at which an individual’s “weight
thermostat” is supposedly set
• when the body falls below this weight, an increase in
hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore
the lost weight
Manipulating the lateral
and the ventromedial
hypothalamus alters the
body’s “weight
thermostat.”
•BASAL Metabolic Rate (BMR) body’s base rate of
energy expenditure
How do you control your weight?
Food intake in (calories) vs. energy output (calories burned)
BUT…hunger is ALSO determined by learned incentives!
If weight is lost, food intake increases and energy
expenditure decreases. If weight is gained, the opposite
takes place.
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1. TIME => as time accumulates since we last ate; we anticipate
eating again and start feeling hungry.
2. Pavlovian Conditioning => we anticipate pleasure from eating;
therefore we eat!
EXTERNALS- individuals whose hunger is triggered by the
mere presence of food, rather than by internal factors
(hungry at grocery store!)
•
Usually leads to a spike in insulin as well!
3. Memory plays an important role in hunger. Due to
difficulties with retention, amnesia patients eat
frequently if given food (Rozin et al., 1998).
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4. HORMONES
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What’s in a taste?
Sweet and Salty foods = seem to be genetic and universal
Conditioned response => salty foods given to a person,
develops strong liking to it
…LEFTY & Peppers!
Food Aversions
Culture => stereotypical meals / times/ food choices / preferences
Repeated exposure => appreciation for new taste (acquired taste)…
Victor Englebert
Richard Olsenius/ Black Star
Body chemistry and environmental factors influence not only
when we feel hunger but what we feel hungry for!
27
Hot Cultures like Hot Spices
Countries with hot climates use more bacteriainhibiting spices in meat dishes.
28
Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa: A condition in which a
normal-weight person (usually an adolescent
woman) continuously loses weight but still feels
overweight.
Lisa O’Connor/ Zuma/ Corbis
Reprinted by permission of The New England
Journal of Medicine, 207, (Oct 5, 1932), 613-617.
29
Eating Disorders
Bulimia Nervosa: A disorder characterized by
episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie
foods, followed by vomiting, using laxatives,
fasting, or excessive exercise.
30
Obesity
A disorder characterized by being excessively
overweight. Obesity increases the risk for health
issues like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes,
hypertension, arthritis, and back problems.
http://www.cyberdiet.com
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Reasons for Eating Disorders
1. Sexual Abuse: Childhood sexual abuse does
not cause eating disorders.
2. Family: Younger generations develop eating
disorders when raised in families in which
weight is an excessive concern.
3. Genetics: Twin studies show that eating
disorders are more likely to occur in
identical twins rather than fraternal twins.
32
Body Image (Women)
Western culture tends to place more emphasis
on a thin body image in comparison to other
cultures.
33
Summary
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AP Planning Guide!
Wednesday – SEX; Achievement Motivation Notes
Thursday – Dr. Phil video w/ worksheet; Faces article w/
questions (pd. 2 exempt from Video, not from article!
Friday – Emotions & Stress
Sat/ Sun – Emotions review worksheet/ Test Review
Monday – Chapter test (OPEN NOTEBOOK)
Tuesday – Sr. Trip Begins/ PSSA for Jrs
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It’s Dr. Phil time!
Click on the image for the
Motivation and Emotion
Video!
36
Definition => a physiologically based motive, like hunger,
but it is more affected by learning and values
•Sexual motivation is nature’s clever way of making people procreate, enabling our
species to survive.
Sexual Motivation
37
The Physiology of Sex
Sexual Response Cycle
Masters and Johnson (1966) describe the human
sexual response to consist of four phases:
Phase
Physiological Response
1. Excitement
Genitals become engorged with blood. Vagina
expands secretes lubricant. Penis enlarges.
2. Plateau
Excitement peaks such as breathing, pulse and
blood pressure.
3. Orgasm
Contractions all over the body. Increase in
breathing, pulse & blood pressure. Sexual release.
4. Resolution
Engorged genital release blood. Male goes through
refractory phase. Women resolve slower.
38
Sexual Problems
Men generally suffer from two kinds of sexual
problems: premature ejaculation and erectile
disorder. Women may suffer from orgasmic
disorders.
These problems are not due to personality disorders
and can be treated through behavior therapy and drugs
such as Viagra.
39
Hormones and Sexual Behavior
Sex hormones (2 )effects the:
1. development of sexual characteristics
2. and (especially in animals) activate sexual behavior.
Testosterone
Male
Female
Testes
(Small amounts of
estrogen)
Ovaries
Estrogen
amounts of
Adrenals (Small
testosterone)
40
Testosterone
Levels of testosterone remain constant in males,
so it is difficult to manipulate and activate
sexual behavior. Castration, which reduces
testosterone levels, lowers sexual interest.
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Estrogen
Female animals “in heat” express peak levels of
estrogen. Female receptivity may be heightened
with estrogen injections.
Sex hormones may have milder affects on humans than
on animals. Women are more likely to have sex when
close to ovulation (increased testosterone), and men
show increased testosterone levels when socializing
with women.
42
The Psychology of Sex
Hunger responds to a need. If we do not eat, we
die. In that sense, sex is not a need because if we
do not have sex, we do not die.
43
External Stimuli
It is common knowledge that men become
sexually aroused when browsing through erotic
material. However, women experience similar
heightened arousal under controlled conditions.
44
Imagined Stimuli
Sotographs/The Gamma-Liaison Network/ Getty Images
Our imagination in our brain can influence sexual
arousal and desire. People with spinal cord injuries and
no genital sensation can still feel sexual desire.
=> Brain is most important sex organ!
45
Dreams
Dreams, another form of imagination, are also
associated with sexual arousal. Genital arousal is
associated with all kinds of dreams. Nearly all
men and 40% of women who dream of sexual
imagery end up with an orgasm (Wells, 1986).
46
Adolescent Sexuality
When individuals reach adolescence, their
sexual behavior develops. However, there are
cultural differences.
Sexual promiscuity in modern Western culture is much
greater than in Arab countries and other Asian
countries.
47
Contraception
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ignorance: Canadian teen girls do not have the
right ideas about birth control methods.
Guilt Related to Sexual Activity: Guilt reduces
sexual activity, but it also reduces the use of
contraceptives.
Minimal Communication: Many teenagers feel
uncomfortable about discussing contraceptives.
Alcohol Use: Those who use alcohol prior to sex are
less likely to use contraceptives.
Mass Media: The media’s portrayal of unsafe
extramarital sex decreases the use of
contraceptives.
48
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Factors that reduce sexual activity in teens.
1.
2.
3.
4.
High Intelligence: Teens with higher intelligence
are likely to delay sex.
Religiosity: Religious teens and adults often reserve
sex for a marital commitment.
Father Presence: A father’s absence from home can
contribute to higher teen sexual activity.
Learning Programs: Teens who volunteer and tutor
in programs dedicated to reducing teen pregnancy
are less likely to engage in unsafe sex.
49
SAME DRIVE DIFFERENT ATTITUDES:
people around the world have widely varying attitudes about non-marital childbearing.
50
BIRTHS TO UNWED
PARENTS
Since 1960, the % of babies
born to unmarried Canadian,
British, and American women
– 1/3 of whom were teens –
has more than quintupled.
Why? 2 trends: decreasing
birthrate among married
women and a doubling of the
birthrate among unmarried
women.
51
–
–
an enduring sexual attraction toward
members of either one’s own gender
(homosexual orientation) or the other gender
(heterosexual orientation)
nature vs. nurture debate
Homosexual
Heterosexual
Bisexual
52
Sexual Orientation Statistics
In Europe and America, based on many national
surveys, homosexuality in men is 3-4% and in
women is 1-2%.
As members of a minority, homosexuals often struggle
with their sexual orientation.
53
Origins of Sexual Orientation
Homosexuality is more likely based on
biological factors like differing brain centers,
genetics, and parental hormone exposure rather
than environmental factors.
Cynthia Johnson/ Time magazine
Homosexual parents
54
Animal Homosexuality
David Hecker/ AFP/ Getty Images
A number of animal
species are devoted to
same-sex partners,
suggesting that
homosexuality exists
in the animal world.
Wendell and Cass
55
The Brain
In homosexual men, the size of the anterior
hypothalamus is smaller (LeVay, 1991) and the
anterior commissure is larger (Allen & Gorski,
1992).
http://www.msu.edu
Anterior
Commissure
Anterior
Hypothalamus
56
Genes & Sexual Orientation
A number of reasons suggest that
homosexuality may be due to genetic factors.
1.
2.
3.
Family: Homosexuality seems to run in families.
Twin studies: Homosexuality is more common in
identical twins than fraternal twins. However, there
are mixed results.
Fruit flies: Genetic engineers can genetically
manipulate females to act like males during
courtship and males to act like females.
57
Hormones & Sexual Orientation
Prenatal hormones affect sexual orientation
during critical periods of fetal development.
1.
2.
Animals: Exposure of a fetus to testosterone results
in females (sheep) exhibiting homosexual behavior.
Humans: Exposure of a male or female fetus to
female hormones results in an attraction to males.
Heterosexual
male
Homosexual
Heterosexual
female
58
Sexual Orientation: Biology
59
Changing Attitudes
60
Click an icon above for 60 Minutes Coverage
61
Sex and Human Values
“Promiscuous recreational sex poses certain
psychological, social, health, and moral
problems that must be faced realistically”
(Baumrind, 1982).
Andreanna Seymore/ Getty Images
62
The Need to Belong
“[Man] is a social animal,” (Aristotle).
Separation from others increases our need to
belong.
20th Century Fox/ Dreamworks/ The Kobal Collection
“Cast Away,” Tom Hanks, suffers
from social starvation.
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Aiding Survival
Social bonds boosted our ancestors’ survival
rates. These bonds led to the following:
1.
2.
3.
Protecting against predators, especially for the young.
Procuring food.
Reproducing the next offspring.
64
Belongingness
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Wanting to Belong: The need to belong colors our
thinking and emotions.
Social Acceptance: A sense of belonging with others
increases our self-esteem. Social segregation
decreases it.
Maintaining Relationships: We resist breaking
social bonds, even bad ones.
Ostracism: Social exclusion leads to
demoralization, depression, and at times nasty
behavior.
Fortifying Health: People who tend to have close
friends are happier and healthier.
65
Motivation at Work
The healthy life, said Sigmund Freud, is filled
by love and work.
Culver Pictures
66
Attitudes Towards Work
People have different attitudes toward work.
Some take it as a:
1.
2.
3.
Job: Necessary way to make money.
Career: Opportunity to advance from one position
to another.
Calling: Fulfilling a socially useful activity.
67
Flow & Rewards
Flow is the experience between no work and a
lot of work. Flow marks immersion into one’s
work.
People who “flow” in their work (artists, dancers,
composers etc.) are driven less by extrinsic rewards
(money, praise, promotion) and more by intrinsic
rewards.
68
Work and Satisfaction
In industrialized countries work and satisfaction
go hand-in-hand.
69
Industrial-Organizational (I/O)
Psychology
Applies psychological principles to the workplace.
1.
Personnel Psychology: Studies the principles of
selecting and evaluating workers.
2.
Organizational Psychology: Studies how work
environments and management styles influence
worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity.
70
Personnel Psychology
Personnel psychologists assist organizations at
various stages of selecting and assessing
employees.
© CNAC/ MNAM/ Dist. Rèunion des Musées Nationaux/ Art Resource, NY
Henri Matisse
71
Harnessing Strengths
Identifying people’s strengths (analytical,
disciplined, eager to learn etc.) and matching
them to a particular area of work is the first step
toward workplace effectiveness.
72
Interviews & Performance
Interviewers are confident in their ability to
predict long-term job performance. However,
informal interviews are less informative than
standardized tests.
73
The Interviewer Illusion
Interviewers often overrate their discernment.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Intention vs. Habits: Intensions matter, but longlasting habits matter even more.
Successful Employees: Interviewers are more likely
to talk about those employees that turned out
successful.
Presumptions about Candidates: Interviewers
presume (wrongly) that what we see (candidate) is
what we get.
Preconceptions: An interviewer’s prior knowledge
about the candidate may affect her judgment.
74
Structured Interview
A formal and disciplined way of gathering
information from the interviewee. Structured
interviews pinpoint strengths (attitudes,
behaviors, knowledge, and skills). The
personnel psychologist may do the following:
1.
2.
3.
Analyze the job.
Script questions.
Train the interviewer.
75
Personnel Psychologist’s Tasks
76
Appraising Performance
Appraising performance results in two things:
1) employee retention, and 2) the
encouragement of better performance.
77
Achievement
motivation
• a desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of
things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard
•How do we measure this?
• Murray, McClelland & Atkinson
• People’s fantasies would reflect their concern for
achievement
• Shown ambiguous picture, asked to
analyze it…heroic act, feeling pride, pursuit
of goal…high need for achievement
• Usually have parents / teachers who encourage
independence and give positive
Feedback / praise/ rewards for their success
•
Emotional roots => positive emotions
• Cognitive roots => learn to attribute their
achievements to their own competence and effort
78
Desire to perform a behavior for its own
sake and to be effective
Seeking external rewards and avoiding
punishments
Doing well in school b/c you are
interested in the topics
Doing well in school so you get a
scholarship or $$$ for A’s on report card
Playing a sport b/c you love it
Playing a sport to get paid: research
indicates that athletes who play for pay
enjoyed playing their sport LESS!
*control
*inform
Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in
workplaces
promote teamwork
match people with jobs
make jobs suit individuals: boost moral and output
79
Task Leadership
goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and
focuses attention on goals
Social Leadership
group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates
conflict, and offers support
Theory X
McGregor
assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and
extrinsically motivated by money
workers should be directed from above
Theory Y
assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are
motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their
competence and creativity
80
81
a response of the whole organism
physiological arousal
expressive behaviors
conscious experience
Does your heart pound because you are afraid...
…or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?
James-Lange
Theory of Emotion
Cannon-Bard
Theory of Emotion
 Experience of emotion is awareness of
physiological responses to emotionarousing stimuli
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Fear
(emotion)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Fear
(emotion)
 Emotion-arousing
stimuli simultaneously
trigger:
 physiological
responses
 subjective experience
of emotion
82
Schachter’s Two-Factor
Theory of Emotion
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Cognitive
label
“I’m afraid”
 To experience
emotion one
Fear
(emotion)
must:
 be physically
aroused
 cognitively
label the
arousal
Expressed Emotion
 People more speedily detect an angry face
than a happy one (Ohman, 2001a)
Emotion and
Physiology
Autonomic nervous system controls
physiological arousal
Sympathetic
division (arousing)
Parasympathetic
division (calming)
Pupils dilate
EYES
Pupils contract
Decreases
SALIVATION
Increases
Perspires
SKIN
Dries
Increases
RESPIRATION
Decreases
Accelerates
HEART
Slows
Inhibits
DIGESTION
Activates
Secrete stress
hormones
ADRENAL
GLANDS
Decreases
secretion of
stress
hormones
Expressed Emotion
 Gender and expressiveness
16
Number
of
expressions
14
Women
Men
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Sad
Happy
Film Type
Scary
83
Expressed Emotion
Two Dimensions of
Emotion
 Culturally universal expressions
Positive
valence
pleasant
relaxation
joy
Low
arousal
High
arousal
fear
anger
sadness
Negative
valence
Catharsis
emotional release
catharsis hypothesis
“releasing” aggressive energy (through
action or fantasy) relieves aggressive
urges
84
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level
brightness of lights
volume of sound
level of income
defined by our prior experience
**if our current condition - income, GPA, social prestige increases…we feel an initial surge of pleasure. Then it becomes
normal…and the cycle continues = HOMEOSTASIS!
I got a $3 Million
dollar contract!
I only got a $1 Million
dollar contract! I’m not
playing!
Relative Deprivation
perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
85
opponent process theory
= every emotion triggers an opposing emotion
FEAR before
you
jump….triggers
sky - diving
Opposing
emotion…
elation when
you land
86
Organizational Psychology:
Motivating Achievement
Achievement motivation is defined as a desire for
significant accomplishment.
Ken Heyman/ Woodfin Camp & Associates
Skinner devised a daily discipline schedule
that led him to become the 20th century’s most
influential psychologist.
87
Satisfaction & Engagement
Harter et al., (2002) observed that employee
engagement means that the worker:
Capital-Journal/ David Eulitt/ AP/ Wide World Photos
1. Knows what is expected
of him.
2. Feels the need to work.
3. Feels fulfilled at work.
4. Has opportunities to do
his best.
5. Thinks himself to be a
part of something
Engaged workers are more productive
significant.
than non-engaged workers at different stores
6. Has opportunities to
of the same chain.
88
learn and develop.
Managing Well
Every leader dreams of managing in ways that
enhance people’s satisfaction, engagement, and
productivity in his or her organization.
Ezra Shaw/ Getty Images
Larry Brown offers 4-5 positive comments for every negative
comment.
89
Job-Relevant Strengths
Effective leaders need to select the right people,
determine their employees’ talents, adjust their
work roles to their talents, and develop their
talents and strengths.
90
Challenging Goals
Specific challenging goals motivate people to
reach higher achievement levels, especially if
there is feedback such as progress reports.
91
Leadership Style
Different organizational demands need different
kinds of leaders. Leadership varies from a bossfocused style to a democratic style.
1.
2.
Task Leadership: Involves setting standards,
organizing work, and focusing on goals.
Social Leadership: Involves mediating conflicts and
building high achieving teams.
92
I’m
stressed!
Stress
The process by which we
perceive and respond to certain
events, called stressors, that we
appraise as threatening or
challenging; how we appraise an
event influences how much stress
we experience and how
effectively we respond.
Behavioral Medicine
interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that
knowledge to health and disease
Health Psychology
subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine
93
Leading causes of
death in the
US in 1900 and
2000
With the conquering of the major
infectious diseases, diseases
influenced by behavior have now
emerged as the major causes of
death and is also
CROSS CULTURAL!
Stress Appraisal
Appraisal
Response
Threat
(“Yikes! This is
beyond me!”)
Panic, freeze up
Challenge
(“I’ve got to apply
all I know”)
Aroused, focused
Stressful event
(tough math test)
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Cerebral cortex
(perceives stressor)
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary hormone in the
bloodstream stimulates
the outer part of the adrenal
gland to release the stress
hormone cortisol
Pituitary gland
Sympathetic nervous
system releases the
stress hormones
epinephrine and
norepinephrine
from nerve endings
in the inner part of
the adrenal glands
Adrenal glands
CANNON’S DUAL RESPONSE SYSTEM => the adrenal glands
(atop the kidneys) release stress hormones on orders received through
a dual tracking system.
95
The body’s resistance to stress can
last only so long before exhaustion sets in
Stress
resistance
Stressor
occurs
Phase 1
Alarm
reaction
(mobilize
resources)
Phase 2
Resistance
(cope with
stressor)
Phase 3
Exhaustion
(reserves
depleted)
 General
Adaptation
Syndrome
 Selye’s concept
of the body’s
adaptive
response to
stress in three
stages
After a trauma,
the body enters an
alarm phase of
temporary shock.
From this it
rebounds, as stress
resistance rises. If
the stress is
prolonged wear
and tear may lead
to exhaustion!
Catastrophic Events
earthquakes, combat stress, floods
Life Changes
death of a loved one, divorce, loss
of job, promotion
Daily Hassles
rush hour traffic, long lines, job
96
stress, burnout
BURNOUT =>physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion brought on by persistent job related stress.
Coronary Heart Disease
clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
leading cause of death in many developed countries, including the US
STRESS, SMOKING, obesity, high fat diet, inactivity, high blood pressure,
high cholesterol level increase risks of heart disease
97
=:Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people
Psychophysiological Illness
•“mind-body” illness
•any stress-related physical illness
•some forms of hypertension
•some headaches
•distinct from hypochondriacs-misinterpreting normal physical sensations
as symptoms of a disease
Stress and Disease
 Negative emotions and health-related
consequences
Heart
disease
Persistent stressors
and negative
emotions
Unhealthy behaviors
(smoking, drinking,
poor nutrition and sleep)
Release of stress
hormones
Immune
suppression
Autonomic nervous
system effects
(headaches,
hypertension)
98