Transcript Unit 14 Class Notes

superior
racist
prejudiced
assertive
rude
grumpy
possessive
germophobe
fearless
“Lady seemed annoyed but
she probably reacted that way
because she was in a hurry.”
“kindness of strangers…”
“bad day”
“mistake displayed
characteristics of two
individuals”
“assumptions because of race”
“affect her prejudice?”
http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=epuTZigxUY8
The Lunch Date 10:00
Unit 14:
Social Psychology
Unit Overview
• Social Thinking
– Objectives 1&2
• Social Influence
– Objectives 3-7
• Social Relations
– Objectives 8-17
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
Introduction
• Social Psychology
– the scientific study
of how we think
about, influence, &
relate to one
another.
Social Thinking
Attributing Behavior to Persons or to Situations
• Attribution theory
– We credit a person’s behavior with either their traits
(disposition or the situation/environment)
– Dispositional vs. situational attribution
–Fundamental attribution error
– tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s
behavior, to underestimate the impact of the
situation and to overestimate the impact of
personality traits
– Self-serving bias
Attributing Behavior to Persons or to Situations
The Effects of Attribution
• Personal relationships
–happy vs. unhappy couples
• Politics
–poverty & unemployment
• conservatives / liberals
• Job Relationships
Our attributions to individuals dispositions or to their
situations should be made carefully as they have real
consequences.
http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=epuTZigxUY8
The Lunch Date 10:00
Objective 2:
Attitudes and Actions
• Attitude
– feelings that predispose
us to act
– Central route persuasion
– Peripheral route persuasion
– social pressures can
weaken the attitudebehavior connection
Actions Affect Attitudes
• The Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
–you can come to believe an idea you
support…
–inducing people to act against their
beliefs can affect their attitude
– “start small and build”
– racial attitudes - moral action strengthens moral
conviction easier to change attitudes than actions = Attitudes are
internal – Actions are observed by all. People assume we
act according to our attitudes, so if an action conflicts we
change attitude to fit action.
Actions Affect Attitudes
• Cognitive Dissonance: Relief From Tension
–Cognitive dissonance theory
–“Attitudes follow behavior”
– the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort
(dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts
(cognitions) are inconsistent.
For example, when our awareness of our
attitudes and of our actions clash, we can
reduce the resulting dissonance by changing
our attitudes.
Actions Affect Attitudes
• Role-Playing Affects Attitudes
–Role
–Stanford Prison Study (Philip Zimbardo)
–Abu Ghraib
Stanford Prison
Experiment
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZwfNs1pqG0
13 minutes
Social Influence
Written…
1. X = 36.23
Sx = 15.4
Verbal…
1. X = 30.38
Sx = 14
3. X= 34.67
Sx = 14.5
3. X = 37
Sx = 10.45
5. X = 43
Sx = 12.30
5. X = 48
Sx = 14
Conformity and Obedience
• Chameleon effect
–Unconsciously mimicking others
• Yawning
• Looking up when others do
• Mood linkage
–Sharing up & down moods
Conformity & Obedience
Group Pressure and Conformity
• Conformity
– Adjusting behavior\thinking toward group
standard
– Solomon Asch study
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyDDyT1lDhA
Conformity and Obedience
Solomon Asch Study
Conformity and Obedience
Group Pressure and Conformity
• Conditions That Strengthen Conformity
– One is made to feel incompetent or insecure
– Group has at least three people
– Group is unanimous
– One admires the group’s status
– One has made no prior commitment
– Others in group observe one’s behavior
– One’s culture strongly encourages respect
for social standards
Conformity and Obedience
Group Pressure and Conformity
Normative social influence
Reasons for Conforming:
• desire to gain approval or
avoid disapproval. (to be
seen as normal)
Informational social influence
• willingness to accept
other’s opinions about
reality
When accuracy of judgment is important,
but easy = rarely conform.
When important but difficult =
conform ½ the time
Obedience
• Stanley Milgram
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3f6LL
V3fkXg (14 min)
Conformity and Obedience
Obedience
Conformity and Obedience
Obedience
Conformity and Obedience
Obedience
Follow up studies
–authority figure close at hand
–prestigious university
–victim depersonalized
–no role models of defiance
Conformity and Obedience
Obedience
Conformity and Obedience
Lessons From the Conformity and Obedience Studies
• Ordinary people being corrupted by an evil
situation
• foot-in-the-door
• 93% complied when others
did the shocking
• attributing responses to evil disposition misses
the point – people OBEY, not evil
– teacher select level of shock
• only 1 went to 450 v
• 45-60 v
Group Influence
Individual Behavior in the Presence of Others
• Social Facilitation
– stronger responses on simple or
well-learned tasks in the presence
of others
–Task difficulty
–Expertise effects
• what you do well, you’re likely to
do better in front of an audience
– Crowding effects
• reactions are amplified
Group Influence
What happens to performance when people
perform a task as a group?
• Social Loafing
–exert less effort when common goal
• men
• individualistic cultures
–Reasons why?
• Less accountability
• contribution is dispensable
Group Influence
Individual Behavior in the Presence of Others
• Deindividuation
– the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint
occurring in group situations that foster
arousal and anonymity.
Group Influence
Effects of Group Interaction
• Group
Polarization
– the enhancement
of a group’s
prevailing
inclinations
through
discussion with
the groups
Group Influence
Effects of Group Interaction
• Group
Polarization
– the
enhancement of
a group’s
prevailing
inclinations
through
discussion with
the groups
Group Influence
Effects of Group Interaction
• Group
Polarization
– the
enhancement of
a group’s
prevailing
inclinations
through
discussion with
the groups
Group Influence
Effects of Group Interaction
• Group
Polarization
– the
enhancement of
a group’s
prevailing
inclinations
through
discussion with
the groups
Group Influence
Effects of Group Interaction
• Group
Polarization
– the
enhancement of
a group’s
prevailing
inclinations
through
discussion with
the groups
Group Influence
Effects of Group Interaction
• Group
Polarization
– the
enhancement of
a group’s
prevailing
inclinations
through
discussion with
the groups
Group Influence
Effects of Group Interaction
• Groupthink
– mode of thinking that occurs when the desire
for harmony in a decision-making group
overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
–Bay of Pigs
–Challenger explosion
Cultural Influence
• Culture
–Culture within animals
–Culture in
humans
Cultural Influence
Variations Across Cultures
• Norm = prescribe proper behavior
–Personal space
–Pace of life
Cultural Influence
Variation Over Time
• Changes over the generations
The Power of Individuals
(Objective #8 / FITB #24-26)
• Social control vs personal control
• Minority
influence
Social Relations
Prejudice
How Prejudiced Are People?
• Prejudice
• Stereotype
• Discrimination
Prejudice
How Prejudiced Are People?
Prejudice
How Prejudiced Are People?
Prejudice
How Prejudiced Are People?
Prejudice
How Prejudiced Are People?
Prejudice
How Prejudiced Are People?
Prejudice
How Prejudiced Are People?
•
•
•
•
•
Unconscious racial associations
Unconscious patronization
Race-influenced perceptions
Other-race effect
Reflexive body responses
– Facial muscles / amygdala
Prejudice
Social Roots of Prejudice
• Social Inequalities
– blame the victim
• victim: anger or self-blame
• Us and Them: Ingroup and Outgroup
– Ingroup (Ingroup bias)
– Outgroup
• most intense dislike
• Emotional roots of prejudice
– Scapegoat theory
Emotional Roots of Prejudice
–Scapegoat theory
• target for one’s anger
• “fear & anger create aggression,
aggression against citizens of
another race or ethnicity creates
racism.”
Prejudice
Cognitive Roots of Prejudice
• Categorization
– Outgroup homogeneity
• overestimate the similarity of those in
others groups
– Other-race effect
• Vivid cases
– overgeneralizing
• Just-world phenomenon
– Hindsight bias
Aggression
• Aggression
– reactively
– proactively
Aggression
The Biology of Aggression
• Genetic Influences
• Neural Influences
–neural system that needs to be
provoked (frontal lobe inhibits)
• Biochemical Influences
–hormones (testosterone), alcohol,
Aggression
Psychological and Social-Cultural Factors in Aggression
• Aversive Events
–Frustration-aggression principle
• Social and cultural influences
–Aggression-replacement program
Aggression
Psychological and Social-Cultural Factors in Aggression
• Observing models of aggression
–Rape myth
• Acquiring social scripts
• Do video games teach, or release
violence?
–Catharsis hypothesis?
Biopsychosocial Understanding of
Aggression
Biopsychosocial Understanding of
Aggression
Biopsychosocial Understanding of
Aggression
Biopsychosocial Understanding of
Aggression
Attraction
The Psychology of Attraction
• Proximity
–Mere exposure effect
• Physical attractiveness
• Similarity
–Reward theory of attraction
Attraction
Romantic Love
• Love
–Passionate
love
–Companionate
love
• Equity
• Self-disclosure
Altruism
• Altruism
–Kitty Genovese
• Bystander
Intervention
–Diffusion of
responsibility
–Bystander
effect
Altruism
Altruism
Altruism
Altruism
Altruism
Altruism
Altruism
Altruism
Altruism
Altruism
The Norms of Helping
• Social exchange theory
• Reciprocity norm
• Social-responsibility norm
Conflict and Peacemaking
• Conflict
• Social trap
–Non-zero
sum game
Conflict and Peacemaking
Enemy Perceptions
• Mirror-image perceptions
• Self-fulfilling prophecy
Conflict and Peacemaking
• Contact
• Cooperation
–Superordinate goals
• Communication
• Conciliation
–GRIT
The End
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Definition
Slides
Social Psychology
= the scientific study of how we think about,
influence, and relate to one another.
Attribution Theory
= the theory that we explain someone’s
behavior by crediting either the situation or
the person’s disposition.
Fundamental Attribution Error
= the tendency for observers, when
analyzing another’s behavior, to
underestimate the impact of the situation
and to overestimate the impact of personal
disposition.
Attitude
= feelings, often influenced by our beliefs,
that predispose us to respond in a
particular way to objects, people, and
events.
Central Route Persuasion
= attitude change path in which interest
people focus in which interested people
focus on the arguments and respond with
favorable thoughts.
Peripheral Route Persuasion
= attitude change path in which people are
influenced by incidental cues, such as a
speaker’s attractiveness.
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
= the tendency for people who have first
agreed to a small request to comply later
with a larger request.
Role
= a set of expectations (norms) about a
social position, defining how those in the
position ought to behave.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
= the theory that we act to reduce the
discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two
of our thoughts (cognitions) are
inconsistent. For example, when our
awareness of our attitudes and of our
actions clash, we can reduce the resulting
dissonance by changing our attitudes.
Conformity
= adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to
coincide with a group standard.
Normative Social Influence
= influence resulting from a person’s desire
to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
Informational Social Influence
= influence resulting from one’s willingness
to accept other’s opinions about reality.
Social Facilitation
= stronger responses on simple or welllearned tasks in the presence of others.
Social Loafing
= the tendency for people in a group to exert
less effort when pooling their efforts
toward attaining a common goal than
when individually accountable.
Deindividuation
= the loss of self-awareness and selfrestraint occurring in group situations that
foster arousal and anonymity.
Group Polarization
= the enhancement of a group’s prevailing
inclinations through discussion with the
groups.
Groupthink
= the mode of thinking that occurs when the
desire for harmony in a decision-making
group overrides a realistic appraisal of
alternatives.
Culture
= the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes,
values, and traditions shared by a group of
people and transmitted from one
generation to the next.
Norm
= an understood rule for accepted and
expected behavior. Norms prescribe
“proper” behavior.
Personal Space
= the buffer zone we like to maintain around
our bodies.
Three Causes of Prejudice
• Social
– In Group vs. Out Group
• Cognitive
– Just World
– Categorize
– Vivid Cases
• Emotional
– Scapegoat Theory
Prejudice
= an unjustifiable (and usually negative)
attitude toward a group and its members.
Prejudice generally involves stereotyped
beliefs, negative feelings, and a
predisposition to discriminatory action.
Stereotype
= a generalized (sometimes accurate but
often overgeneralized) belief about a
group of people.
Discrimination
= unjustifiable negative behavior toward a
group and its members.
Ingroup
= “Us” – people with whom we share a
common identity.
Outgroup
= “Them” – those perceived as different or
apart from our ingroup.
Ingroup Bias
= the tendency to favor our own group.
Scapegoat Theory
= the theory that prejudice offers an outlet
for anger by providing someone to blame.
Other-race Effect
= the tendency to recall faces of one’s own
race more accurately than faces of other
races. Also called the cross-race effect
and the own-race bias.
Just-World Phenomenon
= the tendency for people to believe the
world is just and that people therefore get
what they deserve and deserve what they
get.
Causes of Aggression
• Genetic
• Neural
• Biochemical
•
•
•
•
•
Psychological & Social Aspects of Aggression
Frustration – Aggression Principle
Aggression Replacement
Models
Social Scripts
Catharsis Hypothesis
Aggression
= any physical or verbal behavior intended
to hurt or destroy.
Frustration-aggression Principle
= the principle that frustration – the blocking
of an attempt to achieve some goal –
creates anger, which can generate
aggression.
Mere Exposure Effect
= the phenomenon the repeated exposure to
novel stimuli increases liking of them.
Passionate Love
= an aroused state of intense positive
absorption in another, usually present at
the beginning of a love relationship.
Companionate Love
= the deep affectionate attachment we feel
for those with whom our lives are
intertwined.
Equity
= a condition in which people receive from a
relationship in proportion to what they give
to it.
Self-Disclosure
= revealing intimate aspects of oneself to
others.
Altruism
= unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
Bystander Effect
= the tendency for any given bystander to be
less likely to give aid if other bystanders
are present.
Social Exchange Theory
= the theory that our social behavior is an
exchange process, the aim of which is to
maximize benefits and minimize costs.
Reciprocity Norm
= an expectation that people will help, not
hurt those who have helped them.
Social-Responsibility Norm
= an expectation that people will help those
dependent upon them.
Conflict
= a perceived incompatibility of actions,
goals, or ideas.
Social Trap
= a situation in which the conflicting parties,
by each rationally pursuing their selfinterest, become caught in mutually
destructive behavior.
Mirror-Image Perceptions
= mutual views often held by conflicting
people, as when each side sees itself as
ethical and peaceful and views the other
side as evil and aggressive.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
= a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.
Superordinate Goals
= shared goals that override differences
among people and require their
cooperation.
GRIT
= Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in
Tension-Reduction – a strategy designed
to decrease international tensions.
Social Psychology FRQ