Transcript Development of the Teenager!

Development of the
Teenager!
Aubrie, Stephanie, Lisa, Jen,
Mindy, Debi
Areas of Development
Social/Emotional
Sexual identification
Cognitive
Physical
13-14 year olds
Development of self
Struggle with self
identity
Moody
May act-out/childish
behavior with stressful
situations and inability
to cope/respond
appropriately. Express
selves through actions
not words
Individual talents may
emerge
Puberty at its climax
Feel awkward and
sensitive to body and
self
Development of
Relationships
High preference to be with
friends vs. family
Realize parents are not
perfect and like to point
out their faults
Look for other adults to
look up to
Often disagree with parent
views
Drift away from the
interests and objects from
childhood
Interested only in the
present, with minimal
interest in future
(sometimes unrealistic)
May begin participating in
risky behaviors
Importance of peer
approval and fitting in
with friendships changing
frequently. Conformity in
behavior and physical
appearance
Sexual Development
Understand that they are sexual and understand the
options and consequences of sexual expression
Choose to express their sexuality in ways that may or
may not include sexual intercourse
Recognize the components of healthy and unhealthy
relationships
Have an understanding of their own sexual orientation
[This is different than sexual behavior]
Cognitive Development
Increased speed, automaticity & capacity of information
processing
More breadth of content knowledge,
Increased ability to construct new combinations of
knowledge
Greater range for applying or obtaining knowledge
Capacity to set goals for extending knowledge
Awareness of their emotional makeup to: periodically
monitor their progress, fine-tune their strategies,
evaluate obstacles & make adaptations.
15-17 year olds
Development of Self
Increased concern with
physical appearance, as
well as what others
think. Spend more time in
self care. Experiment
with different styles.
Concerns about body
image and sexual
attractiveness
Relationships with nonfamily adults grow which
exposes them to new
experiences in life
Independence becomes
important and believe
parents get in the way of
his/her independence, can
be embarrassing, which
often leads to increased
conflict with
parents. They may hide
the need and acceptance of
parents.
Development of Self
(cont)
Decreased “acting out” and increased use of
speech to express ones self.
Begin to show concern about future
Development of self-esteem
Poor concept of cause and effect
Still feel invincible, therefore increasingly
engage in risky behaviors
Development of
Relationships
Friendships are very important, along with
need to “fit in” and be approved by
peers. This can be exhausting for this age
group. Failed friendships or relationships
can have a huge impact on
emotions. Confide in friends often vs.
adults
Sexual Development
Majority of puberty is
complete
Move toward
heterosexuality, as
well as fears of
homosexuality. Adole
scent often has
frequently changing
relationships with
opposite sex.
Have the capacity to
develop long-lasting,
mutual, and healthy
relationships, if they
have the foundations for
this development—trust,
positive past
experiences, and an
understanding of love
Cognitive Development
Piaget’s Theory: Adolescent was in formal operational
stage of cognition where thought is more abstract &
adolescents are no longer limited to actual, concrete
experiences as anchors for thought
They can now conjure up make-believe situations &
events that are hypothetical possibilities & then try to
reason logically about them
In this stage: adolescent has ability to develop
hypotheses, or best guesses to solve problems as in
algebraic equation
They systematically deduce, or conclude best path to
follow in solving equation
18-21 year olds
Development of Self
Physical development complete with
decreased concern about body
Increased emotional stability
Understanding of cause and effect increases
and risky behavior may decrease
Self expression improves
Development of Self
(cont)
Future becomes realistic and important;
goal setting is significant
Independence with decision making,
increased ability to think things through
Development of self-esteem continues to
grow
Stable interests
Development of
Relationships
Serious relationships develop and are very
important to this group with feelings of love. One
on one dating with intimate relationships. Peer
groups have less influence but smaller group of
friends are still of importance
Parent conflicts dissipate and good relationships
often develop; they become friends. Increased
respect for each other. More likely to seek and
listen to parents for guidance.
General increased concern for others
Sexual Development
More comfortable and
confident with sexual
identity
Have typically made
distinction of sexual
orientation
Beginning to look for
relationships
Exploring sexual
preferences
Religious Development
The degree of adolescents’ participation in religious
organizations may be more important than religious
affiliation as a determinant of premarital sexual attitudes
& behavior
Adolescents who attend religious services frequently
may hear messages about abstaining from sex
In one study, adolescents who attended church
frequently & valued religion in their lives were less
experienced sexually & had less permissive attitudes
toward premarital sex
General Adolescent
Facts
Work for Adolescents
At the turn of 19th century-fewer than 1 out of 20 highschool-age children was in school
Today - more than 9 out of every 10 adolescents
receives a high school diploma
National survey of 17,000 high school students- 3 out of
4 reported some job income during average school
week with income exceeding $50 per week for 41%
males & 30% females
Jobs for Teens: 17% fast-food restaurants, 20%
cashiers in retail stores, 10% unskilled laborers 10%
clerical assistants.
Benefits to work for Adolescents:
Money management
Time budgets
Pride in
accomplishments
Important skills about
how to get & keep a job
Drawbacks to Work
Give up sports, social
affairs with peers &
sometimes sleep
Lower grade point
averages
Poor school attendance
Less satisfaction with
school
Less time with their
families
Alcohol and marijuana
Career Development
Individuals’ self-concepts
play central roles in their
career choices
During adolescence
individuals first construct
a career self-concept
Develop ideas about
work
Crystallize or narrow
their choices
Begin to initiate behavior
for some type of career
Education for
Adolescents
Education Facts
This century has seen
schools playing
prominent role in lives of
adolescents
Laws excluding teens
from work & mandating
attendance at school
were passed by virtually
every state
Some experts believe that
junior & senior high schools
actually contribute to
alienation & delinquency &
interfere with transition to
adulthood
A push for back-to-basics
where students are being
taught fundamental skills &
knowledge needed for
workplace
Transition to Middle
School
When students make transition from elementary to
middle or junior high school - they experience top-dog
phenomenon:
Circumstance of moving from top position in elementary
school to lowest position in middle/junior high school
These positions are characterized by being oldest,
biggest & most powerful versus youngest, smallest &
least powerful
Effective Education
Strategies
School’s ability to adapt all school practices to fit
physical, cognitive & social development of its students
Emphasize importance of creating environment positive
for adolescents’ social & emotional development
Smaller ‘communities’ or ‘houses’ to lessen impersonal
nature of large schools
Lower student-to-counselor ratios
Parental & community involvement in school
Curriculum structure flexible in time & content
Program for health and fitness
References
D.E. Super (1990). A life-span, life-space approach to career development. In
D. Brown and Associates, Career choice and development: Applying
contemporary theories to practice (2nd ed.). San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, p. 212.
Irwin, D.B. & Simons, J.A. (1994). Lifespan Developmental Psychology.
Madison, WI: Brown and Benchmark.
Benk, L. A. (2001). Development Through the Lifespan (2nd Ed.). Boston: Allyn
and Bacon
From: Advocates for Youth;
http://www.education.com/reference/article/Ref_Growth_Ages_13_17/ Retrieved on April 13,
2009
Zoltan, B. (1996). Vision, Perception, and Cognition (3rd Ed.) Thorofare: Slack Inc.
Case-Smith, J. (2001). Occupational Therapy for Children (4th Ed.). St. Louis: Mosby.