Transcript Kohlberg and Erikson

Kohlberg and Erikson
• Erikson: Self-Esteem and Self-Concept
Stages of Self-Esteem
and Self-concept
1. Foreclosure
No identity crisis. We are who are
parents say we are.
2. Identity Diffusion
Not even examining identity.
boys are slower to reach this stage.
3. Moratorium
Examine alternative life choices.
Look to different peer groups.
4. Identity Achievement (18-21)
Found ourselves!
Secondary Education
• Deals with Stages 3 and 4.
• In adolescence, friends are most important
part of lives.
– Emotional, homework, cognitive, social
Popular Kids
• Smart
• Good looking
• Good behavior-personality
• Reinforce good behavior
• Model good behavior
• Coach (explain why something is right.)
Middle School Kids
• Moving to abstract stage.
• Difficult for teachers because they have
been in abstract stage for many years.
Self-Concept vs. Self-Esteem
• Self-Concept
• Self-Esteem
• How we see ourselves
• How we judge what
we see
How do we help students with
self-concept and self-esteem?
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Pre- and post- tests
Grade should reflect criteria, not behavior
Tracking should be eliminated.
Competition should not just be for the most
abled to win.
Girls and 7th Grade
• Lose their self-esteem
• Social self is much more important than
academic self.
• Easily influenced by magazines: thin,
pretty
Collective Self-Esteem
• Poor kids, dumb kids, the immigrants
• As a group they emote low self-esteem
• Need to include their culture, customs,
skills, attitudes, and knowledge
• Need to eliminate Group Think
Why is cooperative learning
effective?
• Share attitudes and values
• Realize people are different
• Learn to come to consensus and
understanding
What about the kids on the
fringe?
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Child abuse--must be reported
IST (Instructional Support Team)
SAP (Student Assistance Program)
Suicidal
What would you do?
• Page 66 in textbook.
Over the Edge Worksheet
• In groups of 3, rank each of the 15
statements on the handout, using one of
these 3 categories:
– No sweat
– Seriously annoying
– Tragic
• You have 10 minutes!
Processing
1. Are you surprised to see how different
people rank these situations?
2. Were there situations you considered “no
sweat,” but others viewed as “tragic”?
3. How would you describe the discrepancies
between different groups’ ratings?
4. Do situations deserve a different rating if
they are a one-time only event?
Lawrence Kohlberg
Stages of Moral Development
Level 1: Pre-Conventional
• Individuals make decisions based on others’
rules and personal needs. There is no
consideration between right and wrong.
The individual makes judgments based on
whether they may be punished for breaking
a rule or rewarded for keeping a rule.
Level-1 Example
Tom finds a wallet with the address of the
owner inside but decides to keep the money
because he figures no one will ever know
who took the money and he could really use
it to pay his bills.
Level 2: Conventional
Individuals make decisions based on need
for others’ approval, family expectations,
traditional values, the laws of society, and
loyalty to country.
Level-2 Example
Tom finds a wallet with the address of the
owner inside and returns the wallet, because
to keep the wallet would be breaking the
law.
Level 2
Judgments are made in consideration of
whether or not loved ones and legal
structures deem the actions to be right or
wrong and whether the individual also
subscribes to these beliefs.
Level-2 Example
Tommy, a member of the Bloods, breaks the
Johnny’s leg because he crossed over onto
Bloods’ turf.
Level 3: Post-Conventional
Judgments based on belief in socially agreed upon
standards of individual right similar to the
constitution.
Judgments based on individual conscience, involving
abstract concepts of justice, human dignity, and
equality
Level-3 Example
• Tom finds a wallet with no address inside
but places an ad in the newspaper in an
effort to find the rightful owner because
Tom believes it is the right thing to do.
Level-3 Reasoning
• Actions are driven more by personal
morality than by any societial laws but
when personal beliefs take precedence over
the laws of society, there is a willingness to
accept the consequences of one’s actions.
Level-3 Example
During WWII many Germans hid the Jews
instead of reporting their whereabouts to the
Nazi regime.
Issues With Kohlberg’s Work
1. Stages are not neatly divided. In reality,
the context changes the reasoning.
Example: breaking law for self or others
2. All studies were conducted with Western
males only.
Females
Ethic of Care (Carol Gilligan)
Cultural Issues
Influences on the
Socialization of Children
• Family
• Peers
• Teachers
Today’s Children
• More will have one or no sibling
• May be part of a blended family
• May live with non-parent, one parent, or in foster
home
• 25% (under 18) will live with one parent, usually
Mom
• 70% of Moms with school-aged children are
employed
• Media and social pressure to grow up more
quickly
Divorce in U.S.:
One of Highest in World
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Loss of parent in residence
Loss of current home
Loss of friends, neighborhood, school
Loss of toys, trips, recreation
Loss of time with parent(s)
Gain of step-parent and siblings
Self-blame (especially first 2 years)
Friendships and Acceptance
• Adults who had friends as children have higher
self-esteem.
• Adults who had friends as children are more
capable of maintaining intimate relationships.
• Friends are important during difficult times such
as parents’ divorce or transition to a new school.
• Rejected children are more likely to drop out of
school or commit crimes as adults.
Cheaters
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Pressure to perform
Too lazy to study
Fear of failure
Parental pressure to do well
Minimal risk of being caught
Older and college-age males
Behind and failing
Deter Cheating by:
1. Avoid putting students in high pressure
situations.
2. Making sure students are well prepared for
tests, assignments, etc.
3. Focusing on learning, not on grades.
4. Making extra help available.
5. Making rules about cheating known.
6. Learning good proctoring skills.
Activity
• In your content-area group, discuss the
situation on page 101 in your textbook.
Reflecting on the Chapter
Junior High gym issue