Transcript Exam 1 Review - Stigma, Health and Close

Exam 1 Review
• Purpose: Identify Themes
• Two major sections
– Defining Social Psychology and Research
Methods
– Social Perception
Defining Social Psychology
• What is it?
• How does it differ from other related
fields?
Research Methods
• What’s a theory? How is it evaluated
• What’s a Hypothesis?
• How does applied research differ from basic
research?
• Conceptual vs. Operational variables?
• Correlational Designs
• Experimental Designs
• How do correlational and experimental research
differ?
Research Methods
• In Experiments:
– Random sampling vs. random assignment
– Why is random assignment important?
– What is an independent variable? Dependent
variable?
– Be able to identify and translate conceptual
variables to operationalized variables
Theme of this section of
course: Social Perception
• How do we perceive:
– Ourselves?
– Other individuals?
– Other groups?
First Topic: The Self
• Affect: How do we evaluate ourselves,
enhance our self-images, and defend
against threats to our self-esteem?
• Behavior: How do we regulate our actions
and present ourselves according to
interpersonal demands?
• Cognition: How do we come to know
ourselves, develop a self-concept, and
maintain a stable sense of identity?
The ABCs of the Self
• Cognition: Self-concept
• Affect: Self-esteem
• Behavior: Self-presentation
Self-concept
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Define
Cocktail party effect
Self-schemas
Sources of the self-concept
Sources of the Self-Concept
• Source 1: Introspection
– Does it lead to an accurate self-concept?
– Affective forecasting & durability bias
• Source 2: Perceptions of our own behavior
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Self-perception theory (Bem)
Self-perception of emotion
Intrinsic/Extrinsic motivation
Overjustification effect
Sources of the Self-Concept
• Source 3: Other people
– Social comparison theory (Festinger)
– Two-factor theory of emotion (Schacter)
• Source 4: Autobiographical memories
– Flashbulb memories
– Self-serving distortions of memories (e.g., high school
grades)
• Source 5: Culture
– Individualistic vs. Collectivistic Orientations
Self-esteem
• What function does SE serve?
– Need for social belonging/acceptance
– Terror Management Theory
• Influences of Culture
• Self-discrepancy theory
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Self-esteem
Self-awareness
– Public vs. private self-consciousness
• Self-regulation
• Ironic processes
– Trying to inhibit a thought, feeling, or behavior
sometimes backfires
Mechanisms of SelfEnhancement
• Self-serving cognitions
– Misremembering SAT scores
• Self-handicapping
• BIRGing
• Social comparison
Self-presentation
• In book, focus on:
– Strategic self-presentation strategies;
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Self-monitoring
Ingratiation
Self-promotion
Self-verification
Second Topic: Person
Perception
• Attribution biases
• Observation
• Confirmation biases
Attribution Theories
• Internal/Person Attributions
e.g., personality, ability, attitude
• External/Situational Attributions
e.g., other people, luck, pressure,
Attribution Biases and Errors
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Kelley’s covariation theory
Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)
FAE and culture
Actor-observer bias
Self-serving attribution bias
Observation
• Superficial features
– E.g., baby-facedness
• Nonverbal behaviors
– What functions are served?
– Lie detection
Information Integration
• Priming
• Implicit Personality Theories
– Central traits
– Primacy
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Confirmation
Bias
Belief Perseverance – believing
discredited information
• Hypothesis confirmation bias
• Self-fulfilling prophecy
Third Topic: Prejudice
• Stereotypes & Prejudice
• Intergroup Interactions
How stereotypes form
• Ingroups and outgroups
• Social categorization
• Outgroup homogeneity
How stereotypes survive
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Illusory correlations
Attributions
Subtyping and contrast effects
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Automaticity of Stereotypes:
Influencing Factors
• Amount of exposure to the stereotype.
• The kind and amount of information the
perceiver encounters.
• The perceiver’s motivational goals.
– e.g., Protecting one’s self-esteem or self-image.
Overcoming Stereotypes
• How much personal information do we
have about someone?
• What is our cognitive ability to focus on
an individual member of a stereotyped
group?
• What is our motivation level to form an
accurate impression of someone?
• How motivated are we to avoid
applying negative stereotypes?
Prejudice:
The emotional component
• Competition-based prejudice
• Explicit vs. Implicit prejudice
Competition-based prejudice
• Realistic conflict theory
– Cotton prices and lynchings
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Forms
of
Prejudice
Explicit Attitudes
– Ambivalent Sexism
– Modern Racism
• Implicit Attitudes
• Explicit Attitudes
– Operate at
conscious level
– Best measured by
traditional, selfreport measures
• Implicit Attitudes
– Function in an
unconscious &
unintentional
manner
– How do we
measure??
Implicit Prejudice
• Unconscious, unintentional, automatic
• How is it measured?
– IAT
– Bona fide pipeline
– fMRI
How Stereotypes
Affect their Targets
• Stereotype Threat
– How does it operate?
Reducing prejudice
• Jigsaw Classroom