Transcript Research in Flexible, Open and Distance Learning: Workshop

... in Flexible, Open and Distance
Learning: Workshop
Dr. Marina Stock McIsaac
Professor Emerita, ASU, USA
IODL 2006
September 11,2006,
Eskisehir, Turkey
Background
• Arizona State University 1980• Fulbright (Anadolu ‘85-86, 91-92)
• International Council for Educational
Media (ICEM) President, 2002-2006
• University of Aveiro, Portugal 2006
Handbook of Research
Gunawardena, C.N. and McIsaac, M.S. (2003).
Distance Education. In D.H. Jonassen (Ed.),
Handbook of Research on Educational
Communications and Technology, 2nd Edition
(pp. 113-142). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Workshop Outline
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Development of distance education
Research trends
Theoretical development
What do you want to know?
Selecting your research topic
Workshop Process
1. Small group list research topics
2. Large group share research topics
3. New small groups to select research
topic and develop research plan
4. Share research plans
5. Getting your research published
6. Conclusions
Development of ODL
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Distance Education
Online Learning Environments
Integration of ICTs in classrooms
Distributed Learning
Blended Learning
Communities of knowledge
Early Research Studies
• Media comparison studies (NSD)
• Descriptive studies (not transferable)
• Cost effectiveness studies (not complete
costs)
• Primarily quantitative analysis, some
statistically flawed (not random assignment,
etc.)
Later Research Studies
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Learner needs
Instructional process
Issues of access
Socio-cultural aspects of instruction
Roles of teachers, students online
Strategies for mediated environments
Knowledge construction in mediated
environments
Theoretical Developments 1
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Industrial Model (Otto Peters)
Guided Didactic Conversation (Holmberg)
Independence and Autonomy (Wedemeyer)
Transactional Distance (Moore)
Theoretical Developments 2
• Control (Garrison)
• Interaction (Garrison & Shale)
• Socio-cultural Context of Education (Evans,
Nation, McIsaac, Gunawardena)
• Social Presence (Gunawardena, McIsaac, Tu)
What do you want to know?
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Cognitive Process
Learner Control
Motivation
Retention
Instructional Interaction
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Instructor-learner
Learner-learner
Learner-content
Learner interface
What do you want to know?
Socio-cultural context of learning
• Social learning preference (individual vs.
group)
• Interaction in mediated environments
• Transactional analysis
• Social presence
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Creating online learning communities
Autonomous learning vs. guided learning
Alpha student
Cultural considerations needed for distance delivery
Socio-cultural Considerations
“Culture embodies the attitudes, values,
and history that are shared by a group of
people through their language, history and
music.” (Dyson, 1997)
Examples of Culture
• Japanese direction of gaze vs. direct eye
contact
• Colors as symbols; red in China
• Conventions of politeness (asking 3 times)
• Humility vs. assertiveness
• Cultural import of external values
Why Research Importance of
Culture on Learning?
Culture influences;
• Pedagogy (lecture or discovery)
• Independence of learner
• Language of instruction
• Mode of communication (written, oral)
• Personality (assertive, passive)
• Social preference (group or individual)
Working Groups
1. Small group list research topics
2. Large group share research topics
3. New small groups to select research topic
and develop research plan
4. Share research plans
Getting Published
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Select the right journal
Use appropriate writing style (APA)
Submit only when writing is correct
Use journal guidelines
Use research structure (introduction,
methods, results, discussion)
• Resubmit
Conclusion
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Read the research
Use theoretical foundation
Ask the question
Develop the method
Write up the study
Submit for publication
... in Flexible, Open and Distance
Learning: Workshop
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Dr. Marina Stock McIsaac
[email protected]