Transcript Richard J. Gerrig, Ph.D. and Philip Zimbardo, Ph.D.

Chapter 10
Human Development Across the Lifespan
Chapter 10 Preview
Studying Development
Physical Development Across the Life Span
Cognitive Development Across the Life Span
Acquiring Language
Chapter 10 Preview
Social Development Across the Life Span
Sex and Gender Differences
Moral Development
Learning to Age Successfully
Recapping Main Points
Developmental Psychology
Interaction between physical and psychological
Psychology
Developmental
processes
Stages of growth from conception throughout
entire life span
Stages in Life Span Development
Studying Development
Chronological
Normative
age
Investigations
Developmental
age
Studying Development
Longitudinal
Design
Designs
Cross-Sectional
Design
Babies Prewired for Survival
Can you think of any others?
Repertory of
Visual preferences
survival reflexes at
birth
Locomotion
General Principles of Physical
Development
Cephalocaudal
Proximodistal
principle
principle
Development
Physical
Physical Development Across the Life Span
Bodily changes, maturation and growth that occur in
organism beginning with conception and continuing
across life span
Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Research
Physical Development
Fetus
Embryo
Zygote
Prenatal and
Germinal
Childhood
Stage
Development
Embryonic
Stage
Fetal Stage
Physical Development
Eleanor
Gibson
Robert
Richard
Fantz
Walk
Babies
Prewired
for Survival
Physical Development
Fetal Alcohol
Syndrome (FAS)
Any environmental
factor that causes
Teratogen
structural
abnormalities in
fetus
Development of Human Brain
Physical Development
Physical Development
Growth
• Maturation
• Age-related physical
and
and behavioral
Maturation
characteristic of
in
Childhood
changes
species
• Continuing influence
of heredity
throughout
development
Physical Development in Adolescence
Puberty
• Attainment of
sexual
maturity
Menarche
• Onset of
menstruation
Physical Changes in Adulthood
Vision
Hearing
Reproductive and sexual
functioning
Cognitive Development
• Development of
Cognitive
Development
process of knowing,
imagining,
perceiving,
reasoning, and
problem-solving
Cognitive Development
Nature versus
Nurture
• John Locke
• Jean-Jacques
Rousseau
Studying Development
Normative
Investigations
• Chronological age
• Developmental
age
Studying Development
Designs
• Longitudinal Design
• Cross-Sectional
Design
Jean Piaget’s Insights
Building Blocks of Developmental
Change
Assimilation
• New cognitive elements are fitted in with old elements or
modified to fit more easily
Accommodation
• Restructuring cognitive structures so that new
information can fit into them more easily
Schemes
• Cognitive structure used to interpret world
and adapt to environment
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Stages in Cognitive Development
Preoperational
Stage
Sensorimotor Stage
• 2-7 years old
• 0-2 years old
• Egocentrism
• Object permanence
• Centration
Stages in Cognitive Development
Concrete
Operations Stage
• 7-11 years old
• Conservation
• Reversibility
Tests of Conservation
Stages in Cognitive Development
Formal Operations
Stage
• 11 years to adulthood
• Abstract and
hypothetical thinking
Contemporary Perspectives on
Early Cognitive Development
Renee
Infant Cognition
Baillargeon
Research
Theory of Mind
Ability to explain and predict
Theory of mind
other people’s behavior
based on understanding of
their mental states
Theory of Mind
Contemporary Perspectives on
Early Cognitive Development
Social and
Cultural Influences
Internalization
Lev Vygotsky
Cognitive Development in Adulthood
Intelligence
“Fluid”
“Crystallized”
intelligence
intelligence
“Wisdom
Cognitive Development in Adulthood
Selective
Optimization with
Compensation
Paul and
Margaret Baltes
Cognitive Development in Adulthood
Age- related declines
Memory
typically evident in
only some abilities
Acquiring Language
Grammar
Syntax
Phonology
Pragmatics
Semantics
Acquiring Language
Perceiving Speech
and Words
Learning New
Words
Acquiring Grammar
Noam Chomsky
Innate
Dan Slobin
Language-making capacity
Acquiring Language
Development
Social
Social Development
Ways in which individuals’ social
interactions and expectations
change across life span
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Psychology in Your Life
What happens when children become
bilingual?
Would you engage your own child to
become bilingual? Why? Why not?
Read more about this on page 278 of your
text.
Socialization
Social Development in Childhood
Lifelong process through which
individual’s behavior patterns, values,
standards, skill, attitudes and motives
are shaped to conform to those seen
as socially desirable
Social Development in Childhood
Biologically-based level of emotional and
Temperament
behavioral response to environmental
events
Sets stage for later aspects of social
development
Jerome Kagan
Social Development in Childhood
Attachment
Konrad
John
• Intense, enduring,
Lorenz
Bowlby
• Imprinting
• Internal
social-emotional
relationship
working
model
Social Development in Childhood
Strange Situation Test
Attachment
and Mary
Ainsworth
• Securely attached
• Insecurely attached avoidant
• Insecurely attached ambivalent/resistant
Social Development in Childhood
Manner in which
parents rear
Parenting
Styles
children
Impact on
attachment
relationships
Classification of Parenting Styles
Social Development in Childhood
Contact Comfort
and Social
Experience
Human
Deprivation
• Harry Harlow’s monkeys
• Contact comfort
• Stephen Suomi
• Cross-fostering
• Lack of close, loving relationship in infancy affects
physical growth and even survival
Social Development in Adolescence
• G. Stanley Hall
Experience
of
Adolescence
• Storm and Stress
• Anna Freud
• Maragret Mead and Ruth Benedict
• Erik Erikson
• Independence
Social Development in Adolescence
• James Marcia
Identify
Formation
• Expanded on Erikson’s analysis
• Identity diffusion
Foreclosure
Moratorium
Identity achievement
Social Deveolpment in Adolescence
• Complete with parents to shape
attitudes and behaviors
Peer
Relationships
• Friendships
Cliques
Crowds
• More likely to engage risky behaviors
when under peer influence
Critical Thinking in Your Life
How does day care affect children’s
development?
Use findings from your text on page 286 to
answer this question.
Social Development in Adulthood
• Capacity to make full commitment
Intimacy
• Selective social interaction theory
• Laura Carstensen
• Commitment beyond one’s self and
Generativity
one’s partner
• George Vaillant
Sex and Gender Differences
Sex Differences
Gender
• Biologically based
• Psychological
characteristics that
phenomenon
distinguish males
referring to learned
and females
sex-related
behaviors and
attitudes
Sex and Gender Differences
Gender Identity
Gender Roles
• Individual’s sense of
• Patterns of behavior
maleness or
regarded as
femaleness
appropriate for
• Includes awareness
males and females
and acceptance of
in particular society
one’s sex
Sex and Gender Differences
Acquisition of Gender Roles
• Eleanor Maccoby
• Young children are segregationists
• Many gender differences result of
peer relationships
Moral Development
Morality
System of beliefs, values,
and underlying judgments
about the rightness or
wrongness of human acts
Moral Development
Lawrence Kohlberg’s
Stages of Moral
Development and
Preconventional
Reasoning
Conventional
Principled
Gender and Cultural Perspectives on Moral
Reasoning
Carol Gilligan
Women’s morality is
Men’s morality is
based on standard
based on standard
of caring for others
of justice
Learning to Age Successfully
Successful Aging
• Selective Optimization with
Compensation
• Optimization
• Compensation
Recapping Chapter 10 Main Points
Studying Development
Physical Development Across the Life Span
• Prenatal and Childhood Development
• Physical Development in Adolescence
• Physical Changes in Adulthood
Recapping Chapter 10 Main Points
Cognitive Development Across the Life Span
• Piaget’s Insight
• Contemporary Perspectives
• Cognitive Development in Adulthood
Acquiring Language
• Perceiving Speech and Perceiving Words
• Learning Word Meanings
• Acquiring Grammar
Recapping Chapter 10 Main Points
Social Development Across the Life Span
• Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
• Social Development in Childhood
• Social Development in Adolescence
• Social Development in Adulthood
Sex and Gender Differences
• Sex Differences
• Gender Identity and Gender Roles
Recapping Chapter 10 Main Points
Moral Development
• Kohlberg’s Stages
• Gender and Cultural perspectives
Learning to Age Successfully