Transcript 29 - Open Science Framework

Predictors of Anti-Black Prejudice: A Meta-Analysis of the Influence of
Religion and Political Orientation
1
Broussard
2
Harton
Kristin A.
& Helen C.
1Saint Louis University 2University of Northern Iowa
Abstract
This study examined the impact of religion and political orientation constructs on
anti-Black racial prejudice through meta-analysis. 153 independent samples
were analyzed with a random effects model. Religious constructs had a negligible
relationship with racial prejudice, whereas political orientation constructs had a
small-magnitude relationship with anti-Black prejudice.
Figure 2. Distribution of effect sizes (r) for
political orientation constructs
Figure 1. Distribution of effect sizes (r) for
religious constructs
Introduction
Strong social identities, such as religion or political orientation, tend
to promote ingroup cohesion, social exclusion, and competition between
groups. Prejudice towards outgroup members (i.e., women, the LGBT
community, and ethnic minorities) may be higher among some religious
people (e.g., Burn & Busso, 2005; Johnson, Rowatt, & LaBouff, 2012;
Poteat & Meriesh, 2012). Conservatives are more likely to report modern
racism, the justification and reframing of prejudicial attitudes towards
ethnic minorities that allow for the open expression of prejudice (Harton &
Nail, 2008; Nail, Harton, & Decker, 2003), whereas liberals tend to show
aversive racism: genuine prejudicial reactions that are suppressed or
readjusted for, often by overcompensating and reporting favoritism
towards ethnic minorities (Dovidio & Gaertner, 1998; Harton & Nail, 2008;
Nail et al., 2003).
Prior meta-analyses examining the effects of religion or political
orientation on racial prejudice have found moderate average effect sizes
for racial prejudice and religious constructs (e.g., religious
fundamentalism, higher religious identification, extrinsic religious
orientation; Hall, Matz, & Wood, 2010; McCleary, Quillivan, Foster, &
Williams, 2011) and for political constructs (e.g., right-wing
authoritarianism, social dominance orientation; Jost, Glaser, Kruglanski, &
Sulloway, 2003). To date, no meta-analyses have compared the effects of
religious constructs and political constructs on anti-Black racial prejudice.
Due to the interdependency of religion and political orientation, the
correlated correlation coefficients of religious constructs and political
orientation constructs were analyzed at the meta-analytic level. This study
also investigates the research questions: Does year of data collection
(RQ1) or regions of the US (RQ2) moderate the relationships of religion
and political orientation with racial prejudice?
Method
Collection Summary
Inclusion Criteria
•
•
•
U.S. samples
Anti-Black prejudice/racism
Religion:
• Religious fundamentalism
• Religious ethnocentrism
• Religious identity/religiosity
• PO:
• SDO
• RWA
• Political conservatism
• Political orientation
• Published 1964-2014
• Searches: PsycINFO, Google
Scholar, unpublished data
requests and databases
•
•
Total of 153 independent
samples; 569 effect sizes
Methodological Information:
• Scale/measure
• Sample sizes
• Sample population type
• Location
• Year of data collection
•
Statistical Information:
• Reliabilities of measures
• Effect sizes/statistical values
• Interrater agreement = 88.6%
Presented at Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference, January 2016
Table 2
Descriptive Statistics for Political Orientation Measure
Types in Political Orientation Model
Weighted Weighted
N
Average r Average r
(effect (moderator
(final
sizes)
model)
model)
Overall Average Effect
371
.17
.17
RWA
67
.29***
.29
Party identification
60
-.25***
-.22***
(conservative-liberal)
Political orientation
113
-.30***
-.23***
(conservative-liberal)
Liberalism/
4
.16
-.01
egalitarianism
Conservatism
32
.09
.08
SDO
83
.03
.01
F-scale
12
-.01
.02
Table 1
Descriptive Statistics for Religious Construct
Measures in Religion Model
Weighted Weighted
Average r Average r
N (effect (moderator
(final
sizes)
model)
model)
Overall Average
198
.05
.05
Effect
Religious
3
.39
.58
ethnocentrism
Religious
64
.09
.09
fundamentalism
Religious
8
.02
.00
identity/group
Religiosity
123
.01
.01
*Slope significantly different from zero in final model, **p<.05,
***p<.001
Note: Red fonts indicate moderate magnitude effect.
*Slope significantly different from zero, **p<.05, ***p<.001
Note: Blue fonts indicate small magnitude effect.
Table 3
Descriptive Statistics for Prejudice Measure Types in
Religion Model
Weighted Weighted
N
Average r Average r
(effect (moderator
(final
sizes)
model)
model)
Anti-Black
prejudice/racial
attitudes
Allophilia-type
Modern/symbolic
racism
Negative stereotypes
General
prejudice/racial
attitudes
Social
distance/behavioral
prejudice
Race IAT
Traditional/oldfashioned racism
Affirmative action
support
Feeling thermometer
36
.13***
.13***
3
-.18
-.12
39
.11**
.07**
3
.10
.14
10
21
9
9
.09
.04***
-.02
-.03
Threat/competition
Modern/symbolic racism
.10
.12***
.02
-.05
25
-.01
-.05
43
-.00
.01
*Slope significantly different from zero, **p<.05, ***p<.001
Table 4
Descriptive Statistics for Prejudice Measure Types in
Political Orientation Model
Weighted Weighted
N
Average r
Average r
(effect (moderator
(final
sizes)
model)
model)
White privilege
6
.51
.29
Support for xenophobic
4
.46***
.23
groups
Affirmative action
9
.36***
.34
opposition
General prejudice/racial
31
.35***
.14
attitudes
Anti-Black
prejudice/racial
attitudes
Negative stereotypes
Allophilia-type
Traditional/oldfashioned racism
Race IAT
Feeling thermometer
Affirmative action
support
Social
distance/behavioral
prejudice
10
.32***
.18
68
.28***
.13
67
.20**
.02
12
7
.17
.16
-.04
-.13
28
-.09
-.14**
29
70
-.08
-.08
-.24***
-.11**
20
.04
.26***
10
-.01
-.16**
*Slope significantly different from zero, **p<.05, ***p<.001
Note: Blue fonts indicate small magnitude effects, red fonts indicate moderate
magnitude effects.
References
Burn, S. M., & Busso, J. (2005). Ambivalent sexism, scriptural literalism, and religiosity. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 412-418. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00241.x
Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1998). On the nature of contemporary prejudice: The causes, consequences, and challenges of aversive racism. In J. Eberhardt, & S. T. Fiske (Eds.), Confronting racism:
The problem and the response (pp. 3-32). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Hall, D. L., Matz, D. C., & Wood, W. (2010). Why don’t we practice what we preach? A meta-analytic review of religious racism. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 126-139.
doi:10.1177/1088868309352179
Harton, H. C., & Nail, P. R. (2008). Political orientation and contemporary racism in America. In M. A. Morrison & T. G. Morrison (Eds.), The psychology of modern prejudice (pp. 51-75). Hauppauge, NY:
Nova Science Publishers.
Johnson, M. K., Rowatt, W. C., & LaBouff, J. P. (2012). Religiosity and prejudice revisited: In-group favoritism, out-group derogation, or both? Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4, 154-168.
doi:10.1037/a0025107
Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 339-375. doi:10.1037/0033- 2909.129.3.339
Laythe, B., Finkel, D. G., Bringle, R. G., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2002). Religious fundamentalism as a predictor of prejudice: A two-component model. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 623-635.
doi:10.1111/1468-5906.00142
McCleary, D. F., Quillivan, C. C., Foster, L. N., & Williams, R. L. (2011). Meta-analysis of correlational relationships between perspectives of truth in religion and major psychological constructs.
Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 3, 160-180. doi:10.1037/a0022208
Nail, P. R., Harton, H. C., & Decker, B. P. (2003). Political orientation and modern versus aversive racism: Tests of Dovidio and Gaertner’s (1998) integrated model. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 84, 754-770. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.754
Poteat, V. P., & Mereish, E. H. (2012). Ideology, prejudice, and attitudes toward sexual minority social policies and organizations. Political Psychology, 33, 211-223. doi:10.1111/j.1467- 9221.2012.00871.x
Results
Religious constructs had an overall negligible relationship with racial
prejudice (r = .05, Table 1), whereas political orientation constructs had an
overall small-magnitude relationship with anti-Black prejudice (r = .17,
Table 2).
Conservative political orientation (r = -.30, t(64.81) = -6.60, p < .001,
CI.95[-0.3874, -0.207]) and conservative party identification (r = -.25,
t(58.42) = -5.26, p < .001, CI.95[-0.346, -0.155]) were significantly related
to anti-Black prejudice, such that more conservative politics were
associated with greater prejudice (Table 3). Affirmative action opposition
as a measure of anti-Black prejudice was significantly related to
conservative ideologies (i.e., conservatives showed greater opposition to
affirmative action policies; r = .27, t(14.46) = 4.28, p = .001,
CI.95[0.13404,0.4018]), whereas implicit measures of anti-Black prejudice
were significantly related to more liberal ideologies (e.g., race-IAT, r = .24, t(18.01) = -3.41, p = .003, CI.95[-0.38597, -0.0915]; social distance, r
= -.16, t(14.85) = -2.58, p = 0.02, CI.95[-0.29404, -0.0281]), suggesting
that liberals tend to have more implicit anti-Black prejudice (Table 4).
The effects of religious constructs and political orientation constructs
on racial prejudice were not moderated by year, but political orientation
effects on racial prejudice were moderated by regional differences. In the
West, the average correlation between political orientation and racial
prejudice was higher than all other regions (r = .36), whereas Northeast
samples (r = -.38) and in national samples (r = -.34), the average
correlation was negative.
Political orientation had a greater effect on racial prejudice than did
religious constructs, but not when the correlations between political
orientation and religion were accounted for (rxy = .08, p = .98), indicating
that the effects of religion and political orientation on racial prejudice may
be interrelated.
Discussion
Across 51 years of United States data (1963-2014), religious
constructs (i.e., religious fundamentalism, religious ethnocentrism,
religious identity, religiosity) overall were relatively unrelated to anti-Black
prejudice. Political orientation constructs (i.e., political conservatism,
political orientation, SDO, RWA) across 55 years (1959-2014) were
related to more anti-Black prejudice (small average effect size), and
conservative political orientation and Republican party identification had
the strongest relationships with anti-Black prejudice.
Affirmative action opposition was greatest for those with
conservative ideologies, whereas implicit measures of anti-Black
prejudice (i.e., IAT) was greater for those with liberal ideologies. The
effects were moderated by region of the United States, with the West
having the largest magnitude of effect, indicating that more conservative
ideologies were associated with more anti-Black prejudice. Significant,
moderate magnitude effects were also found for the Northeast region and
national samples, but in the opposite direction, indicating more liberal
ideologies were associated with more anti-Black prejudice, likely due to
the large amount of implicit (race IAT; social distance) measures included
in those data sets.
These findings are consistent with prior research linking
conservatism, social dominance, and authoritarianism with racial
prejudice. Additionally, religious constructs and political orientation
constructs appear to be interrelated with each other, possibly contributing
to increased anti-Black prejudice.
Contact Information: [email protected]; [email protected]