Nrsg 407 Disorders of the Endocrine Glandsx
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Transcript Nrsg 407 Disorders of the Endocrine Glandsx
Disorders of the
Endocrine Glands
Nrsg 407
Function
• Various glands in body
• Secretes hormones
• Transported
throughout body
Negative feedback
• One hormone controls secretion of another
• Last hormone in the pathway controls secretion
of first hormone
Pituitary gland
• Master gland
• Controls several organs
and hormones
• Works together with
hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
• Anterior or
Adenohypophysis
contains glandular
tissue
• Posterior or
Neurohypophysis
contains nervous tissue
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Posterior Pituitary
Posterior pituitary - SIADH
• Lack of ADH [aka Syndrome of
inappropriate ADH] or diabetes
insipidus
• Vasopressin (pitressin)
• Act on renal tubules to promote
reabsorption of water
• Vasopressor effect (raise BP)
Thyroid
• 2 types of cells
• Parafollicular cells –
calcitonin
• Follicular cells –
composed of iodine
atoms
• Thyroxine (T4)
• Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroid cont’d
• Regulates body metabolism
• Thermal regulation
• Regulation of physical/mental development
Thyroxine hormone
(T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
• Same as T4
• Converted once thyroxine
enters cells
• 1 iodine atom eliminated
by enzymes
• Binds to intracellular
receptors in nucleus
Thyrocalcitonin (Calcitonin)
• Lowers plasma Ca and PO4
• Increases Ca deposits in
bone
• Not as important due to
parathyroid
Negative feedback
mechanism
• Low serum thyroxine incr
TSH incr thyroxine
maintain normal BMR
Hypothyroidism
• Poorly functioning thyroid
(primary disease) OR
• Low secretion of TSH by
pituitary gland (secondary
cause)
• Most common: chronic
autoimmune thyroiditis –
Hashimoto’s disease
Myxedema
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Fatigue
General weakness
Muscle cramps
Dry skin
Bradycardia
Cold intolerance
Hyperthyroid
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Most Common: Graves’ disease (primary)
Oversecretion of thyroid
Increased body metabolism
Tachycardia
Anxiety
Heat intolerance
Adrenal Cortex
Glucocorticoids
(Sugar)
Cortisol
Sex hormones
(Sex)
Androgens
Adrenal Cortex
Mineralcorticoids
(Salt)
Aldosterone
Mechanism of Control
Negative feedback
mechanism
Glucocorticoids and
androgens: Anterior
pituitary release of
ACTH stimulates
adrenal glucocorticoid
and androgen
Mechanism of Control
Mineralcorticoids: RAAS
Hormone: Aldosterone
produced
Promote sodium
reabsorption and
potassium excretion
Hypofunction
• Primary
• Destruction by systemic
infectious disease
• Cancer
• Autoimmune process
• Secondary
• Decrease ACTH or
hypothalamus disease
Hypofunction
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Hypoglycemia
Fatigue
Hypotension
Increased skin pigmentation
Anorexia
Vomiting
diarrhea
Hypofunction
• Chronic primary adrenocortical insufficiency
(Addison’s disease)
• Deficiency of all 3 hormones
• Rare – usually caused by autoimmune
destruction
Acute Adrenocortical
Insufficiency
• Caused when glucocorticoids
abruptly withdrawn
• Provide negative feedback to
pituitary to stop secreting
ACTH
• No ACTH adrenal stops
secreting endogenous
glucocorticoids
• Adrenal cortex shrinks
(adrenal atrophy)
Symptoms of Adrenal crisis
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Nausea
Vomiting
Lethargy
Confusion
Coma / Shock
Cushing’s Syndrome
• Primary
• Cortisol-secreting
tumors
• Secondary
• Pituitary or
hypothalamus tumor
• ACTH secreting tumor
• Iatrogenic
• Overdosage of
glucocorticoid
Signs/Symptoms
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Hyperglycemia
Protein tissue wasting
Bruising
Osteoporosis
Peptic ulcers
Delayed wound
healing
Signs/Symptoms
• Abnormal fat distribution
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Truncal obesity
Striae
“Buffalo hump”
Moon face
• Acne
• Mood/ personality changes
Signs/Symptoms
• Hypokalemia
• Na and water retention
• Decrease inflammatory
response