Transcript Endocrine System

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• Secrete hormones into the extracellular spaces around their cells,
which diffuse into capillaries and
are carried away by blood.
• The science of this system is
called Endocrinology.
1. Regulate the internal
environment, metabolism, and
energy balance
2. Regulate smooth and cardiac
muscle contractions, glandular
secretions, and immune
responses
3. Role in growth, development,
“fight or flight response, and
reproduction.
Hypothalamus and
Pituitary Glands
Thyroid and
Parathyroid Glands
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Testis
Ovaries
Endocrine System Summary
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVrlHH
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• Major link between the nervous
and endocrine systems.
• Located in the middle of the
base of the brain.
• Hypothalamus sends messages
chemically to Pituitary to release
various hormones
• Hypothalamus
sits on the
Pituitary
• Pituitary is
divided into 2
regions:
• Anterior and
Posterior
• Somatostatin: inhibits release of growth
hormone
• Dopamine: inhibits release of prolactin
• Gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRF):
stimulates release of FSH and LH
• Growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRF):
stimulates the release of hGH
• Thyroid Releasing Factor: Stimulates the
release of TSH
1.
Human Growth Hormone (hGH or Somatotropin): stimulates
growth; controlled by Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
(GHIH).
Disorders: Acromegaly, Dwarfism, & Giantism.
2.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH):
Regulates thyroid gland activities.
3.
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH):
Regulates activities of the ovaries and testes.
4.
Luteinizing hormone (LH): Regulates the activities of the
ovaries and testes
5. Prolactin (PRL): helps initiate milk secretion.
6. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH):
increases skin pigmentation.
7. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): regulates
activities of the adrenal glands.
•enlarged hands
•enlarged feet
•widened fingers or toes due to
skin overgrowth with swelling,
redness, and pain
•enlarged jaw (prognathism)
•enlarged facial bones
•thickening of the skin
Acromegaly
•enlarged sebaceous glands
1. Oxytocin (OT): Stimulates
contraction of the uterus during
labor and delivery. (Synthetic
Pitocin is often given to induce
labor)
2. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):
Stimulates water reabsorption by
the kidneys.
Hypothalamus & Pituitary
Summary
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dS7bc
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• Located just below the larynx
has right and left lateral
lobes.
• Controls many body
functions, including: heart
rate, temperature, and
metabolism.
• The Thyroid
gland has a
"butterfly" shape,
with two lateral
lobes
• Thyroid glands
are brownish-red
in color
• Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodotyronine
(T3): Stimulate metabolic
activities, work with hGH to
regulate growth, also assist with
activities of the central nervous
system, reproduction, &
cardiovascular function.
• Hypothyroidism: thyroid
hormone deficiency. Iodine
deficiency and disease are
common causes.
• Symptoms: fatigue, hair loss,
reproductive failure, and weight
gain. With severe iodine
deficiency, a goiter may result.
Goiter: An enlarged
thyroid gland
• Hyperthyroidism
–Results from over-secretion of
thyroid hormones.
–Most common form is called Graves
Disease
–Symptoms: high heart rate,
nervousness, weight loss, eye
disease, anxiety
• The parathyroid glands are located
on the posterior surfaces of the
lateral lobes of the thyroid.
• Secrete Parathyroid Hormone
(PTH): Regulates the homeostasis
of calcium levels in the blood.
Thyroid Summary
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKQaMbZUPY
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVSBo0
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• Located above the
kidneys.
• Divided into 2
distinct sections:
the medulla and
the cortex.
1. Mineralocorticoids: increase Na
and H2O absorption decreases K
absorption.
2. Glucocorticoids: promote
metabolism, resist stress, assist
in anti-inflammatory
response.(ex. Cortisone creams)
3. Gonadocorticoids: “sex
hormones”
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
(Adrenaline):
Help the body resist stress.
Released by the autonomic
nervous system. Responsible for
the “Fight or Flight” response.
Adrenal Glands Summary
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xgq_alE
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• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4WJj8IE
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• A flat organ located slightly below the
stomach adjacent to the intestines.
• Has 2 Roles:
–Produce Hormones (Endocrine)
–Secrete Digestive Enzymes
(Exocrine)
Pancreatic Enzymes
• Secretes three exocrine enzymes that
assist with the breakdown of food:
carbohydrates, protein, and lipids
– Amylase – breaks down carbohydrates
– Protease – breaks down protein
– Lipase – breaks down lipids (fat)
1. Alpha Cells: secrete Glucagon which
increases blood glucose levels.
2. Beta Cells: secrete Insulin which
decreases blood glucose levels
3. Delta cells: regulate sectretion of
Pancreatic hormones
Pancreas Summary
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZ4zcr
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• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1c6a0B
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• Ovaries: secrete estrogen and progesterone.
Gives rise to female sexual characteristics,
reproductive cycle, pregnancy and lactation.
• Testes: produce testosterone. Gives rise to
male sexual characteristics and reproductive
functions.
• Major anatomical structures in the
Reproductive System.
• Located behind the sternum and
up into the neck
• Functions in several hormones
related to immunity. (Home for
maturing T Cells)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYgyL0
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• Located in the brain
• Secretes Melatonin linked to a person’s
“Circadian Rhythm”/Internal Clock
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD):
depression during winter months when
day length is short due to
overproduction of melatonin. Bright light
therapy can provide relief.