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ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Endocrine glands secrete their hormones directly
into the blood stream
All hormones only affect their Target Organs
These organs contain receptor sites on the cell
membrane or in the cytoplasm to which the hormone
can attach.
Cell
Receptor
Site
Hormones are chemical messengers that help
regulate cellular activity.
FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
1. It helps with the control and coordination of
all activity of the body with the use of hormones
-- it is like the Nervous System in this function
except: Hormones take longer to produce
an action, but action last longer
-- help maintain Homeostasis primarily by
Negative Feedback
2. Hormones affect:
-- our metabolism
--our appearance
-- our behavior
--located on the roof of the Third Ventricle
-- decreases in size with age
-- secretes Melatonin
-- regulates sleep pattern
(Circadian Rhythms)
-- inhibits gonadotropic
hormones
(prevents start of puberty)
Pineal
gland
Anterior Pituitary
Hypothalamus
-- produces the most hormones
-- its response is determined by
the hypothalamus:
which secretes Hypothalamic
stimulating or inhibiting hormones
1. Growth Hormone (GH)
-- determines height
2. Lactogenic Hormone (LTH)
-- Prolactin
-- causes mammary glands to
develop & produce milk after
childbirth
Pituitary
3. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
-- causes the Thyroid gland to release Thyroxin,
the hormone needed to increase metabolism
4. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
-- stimulates the adrenal cortex (outer
layer of gland) to release its hormones
5. Gonadotropic Hormones
--Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH) &
Luteininzing Hormone (LH) -- in women
-- FSH & Interstitial Cell Stimulating
Hormone (ICSH) -- in men
Hypothalamus
-- Posterior Pituitary stores
hormones produced by the
hypothalamus
1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
-- Vasopressin
-- causes the kidneys to
reabsorb more H2O
2. Oxytocin
-- also called the Lactation
hormone
-- causes uterus to contract
-- stimulates release of milk when
breastfeeding
Posterior
Pituitary
-- located in the neck & is
attached to the trachea
Thyroid
-- produces Thyroxin (T4)
-- Iodine is needed to produce
thyroxin
-- stores Thyroxin as
thyroglobulin (T3) &
releases it when stimulated
by TSH
-- has no target organ as affects all cells
Low Blood Thyroxin
Hypothalamus
Level: Slows Metabolism
Hypothalamic
Releasing Hormone
Anterior Pituitary
Increase production
of TSH
Thyroid Gland
Increase production
of Thyroxin
Decrease production
of Thyroxin
Thyroid Gland
Decrease production
of TSH
Anterior Pituitary
Hypothalamic
Inhibiting Hormone
Hypothalamus
Increased Blood Thyroxin Level
Increased Metabolism
Thyroid
Thyroid gland also release
the hormone Calcitonin
-- it helps regulate the
Calcium & Phosphorus
levels in the blood
-- located in back of the Thyroid
gland
Thyroid
Parathyroid
-- produces the Parathyroid
Hormone
-- promotes formation of
Vitamin D which increases
absorption of calcium from
the kidneys,
bowels, &
demineralizes the bones
Blood Ca+ Levels
High Blood Ca+ Level
stimulates
Thyroid Gland
releases Calcitonin
Ca+ moved from the blood
Low Blood Ca+ Level
stimulates
Parathyroid Gland
Releases Parathyroid
Hormone
a. into the bone
Ca+ removed
a. from the bone
b. lost from the intestines
b. from the intestines
c. excreted by the kidneys
c. reabsorbed by the
kidneys
Blood Ca+ level decreased Blood Ca+ level increases
-- decrease in size with age
-- is the area where T- Lymphocytes
(T-Cells) mature
Thymus
gland
-- produces Thymosin
which helps with the
development &
maintenance of the
Immune System
-- All types of Stress causes the
Hypothalamus to stimulate
the Adrenal Glands
-- Adrenals have 2 parts:
Adrenal
Gland
Cortex & Medulla
-- The Adrenal Cortex ( outer portion)
is absolutely necessary for life
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
GLUCOCORTICOID (Cortisol)
-- Helps us recover from stress
-- Decreases the inflammatory response
-- Released in response to ACTH
MINERALOCORTICOID (Aldosterone)
-- Not under the control of the Anterior Pituitary
-- Responsible for regulating & maintaining Na+ &
K+ levels in the blood.
-- Target organ is the kidneys
-- causes the retention of sodium & water and
the excretion of potassium
-- Also secretes small amounts of male & female
hormones -- affect on body is slight
-- all hormones from the Adrenal Cortex are called
Steroids
Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
EPINEPHRINE & NOREPINEPHRINE
-- Involved with our bodies immediate response
to stress
-- Helps us cope with situations that we perceive as
threatening to our survival
(Fight or Flight Syndrome)
-- Sympathetic Nervous System Response
pulse respirations pupils dilate peristalsis slows
-- produces Estrogen
& Progesterone
-- hormone is called
an Androgen
-- produces
Testosterone
Ovaries
Testes
-- Has 2 types of tissue:
1. One produces & secretes
digestive juices into small
intestines (Exocrine)
2. Islet of Langerhans (Endocrine)
(affects blood sugar levels)
-- Insulin(secreted by beta cells)
promotes storage of
glucose as glycogen
Decreases Blood Sugar
-- Glucagon (secreted by alpha cells)
Pancreas
causes glycogen to be
converted into glucose
Raises Blood Sugar
Several Hours after eating
Low Blood Sugar Level
Pancreas
Increased Production
of Glucagon
Cells break Glycogen
into Glucose to be
released into blood
stream
Normal Blood
Sugar Level
Glucose taken into
cells and stored as
Glycogen
Increased
Production
of Insulin
Pancreas
Elevated Blood
Sugar Level
Eating Food