Transcript Nerve activates contraction

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 9
The Endocrine System
Slides 9.1 – 9.22
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
TODAY’S EQ
• WHY IS THE PITUITARY GLAND
CONSIDERED THE MASTER GLAND?
• Provide your response below:
• Please list any numbers you have questions from
At the Clinic/Short Answer Homework
TODAY’S EQ
• WHY IS THE PITUITARY GLAND
CONSIDERED THE MASTER GLAND?
• Provide your response below:
• Please list any numbers you have questions from
At the Clinic/Short Answer Homework
I. The Endocrine System
A. Uses chemical messages (hormones)
that are released into the blood
B. Hormones are produced by specialized
cells
C. Cells secrete hormones into extracellular
fluids
D. Blood transfers hormones to target sites
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 9.1
TODAY’S EQ p. 10
• How do our 2 main classes of hormones
communicate differently?
Provide your responses below:
• 1)
• 2)
• Please list any numbers you have questions from
At the Clinic/Short Answer Homework
E. These hormones regulate the
activity of other cells
• Reproduction
• Growth and development
• Mobilization of body defenses
• Maintenance of much of homeostasis
• Regulation of metabolism
II. The Chemistry of Hormones
A. Amino acid-based hormones
 Proteins
 Peptides
 Amines
B. Steroids – made from cholesterol
C. Prostaglandins – made from highly
active lipids
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Slide 9.3
III. Mechanisms of Hormone Action
A. Hormones affect only certain tissues or
organs (target cells or organs)
B. Target cells must have specific protein
receptors
C. Hormone binding influences the
working of the cells
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Slide 9.4
D. Effects Caused by Hormones
1. Changes in plasma membrane
permeability or electrical state
2. Synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes
3. Activation or inactivation of enzymes
4. Stimulation of mitosis
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Slide 9.5
E. Steroid Hormone Action
1. Steroid hormones can diffuse through
the plasma membrane of target cells
2. Enter the nucleus
3. Bind to specific sites on the cell’s DNA
4. Activate genes that result in synthesis
of new proteins
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Slide 9.6
Steroid Hormone Action
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ew0/chapter10/animation__mechanism_of_steroid_hormone
_action__quiz_1_.html
Figure 9.1a
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Slide 9.7
F. Non-steroid Hormone Action
1. Hormone binds to a membrane
receptor
2. Hormone does not enter the cell
3. Sets off a series of reactions that
activates an enzyme
4. Catalyzes a reaction that produces a
second messenger molecule
5. Oversees additional intracellular
changes to promote a specific response
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Slide 9.8
Nonsteroid Hormone Action
Figure 9.1b
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Slide 9.9
G. Control of Hormone Release
1. Hormone levels in the blood are
maintained by negative feedback
2. A stimulus or low hormone levels in the
blood triggers the release of more
hormone
3. Hormone release stops once an
appropriate level in the blood is reached
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 9.10
IV. Stimuli of Endocrine Glands
A. Endocrine glands
are activated by
other hormones
Figure 9.2a
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Slide 9.11
B. Changing blood
levels of certain
ions stimulate
hormone release
Figure 9.2b
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Slide 9.12
C. In some cases
Nerve impulses
stimulate hormone
release
D. Most are under
control of the
sympathetic nervous
system
Figure 9.2c
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Slide 9.13
Location of Major Endrocrine Organs
Slide
9.15
Figure 9.3
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Slide 9.14
V. Hormone-Producing Tissues and
Organs
A. Parts of the small intestine
B. Parts of the stomach
C. Kidneys
D. Heart
E. Many other areas have scattered
endocrine cells
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Slide 9.39
F. Endocrine Function of the
Placenta
1. Produces hormones that maintain the
pregnancy
2. Some hormones play a part in the
delivery of the baby
3. Produces hCG in addition to estrogen,
progesterone, and other hormones
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Slide 9.40
VI. Developmental Aspects of the
Endocrine System
A. Most endocrine organs operate
smoothly until old age
1. Menopause is brought about by lack of
efficiency of the ovaries
2. Problems associated with reduced estrogen
are common
3.Growth hormone production declines with age
4. Many endocrine glands decrease output with
age
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 9.41
POSITIVE & NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
• http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter
10/animation__positive_and_negative_feedback_
_quiz_1_.html
ENDOCRINE CONCEPT MAP
ENDOCRINE CONCEPT MAP
ENDOCRINE CONCEPT MAP
ENDOCRINE CONCEPT MAP
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM KEY
TODAY’S EQ Feb 3/4
• How do hormonal deficiencies affect our body?
• Provide your response below:
9
The Endocrine System
PART B
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION
ELAINE N. MARIEB
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Thyroid Gland
• Found at the base of the throat
• Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus
• Produces two hormones
• Thyroid hormone
• Calcitonin
Thyroid Gland
Figure 9.6
Thyroid Hormone
• Major metabolic hormone
• Composed of two active iodine-containing
hormones
• Thyroxine (T4) – secreted by thyroid follicles
• Triiodothyronine (T3) – conversion of T4 at target
tissues
TEST PRACTICE QUESTIONS
ANSWER TRUE/FALSE
On Whiteboards/Paper
1.The sclera is also called the sensory tunic.
___
3) ______
2. The cornea lacks nerve endings and does not respond to pain.
______
3. The pupil is an opening in the iris through which light passes.
______
4. Gross eye movements are produced by the six extrinsic eye muscles.
______
5.
In close vision and bright light, the pupil will dilate.
______
6. Cones allow us to see in gray tones or dim light.
______
The pinna is what most people call the "ear."
Multiple Choice
• Hormones are typically regulated by:
• A) Positive Feedback
• B) Negative Distinctions
• C) Positive Inhibition
• D) Negative Feedback
Multiple Choice
• An enlargement of the thyroid is called:
• A) Acromegaly
• B) Goiter
• C) Cutaneous Rash
• D) Scleroderma
Multiple Choice
• Sound waves enter the auditory canal hit the
eardrum or otherwise known as:
• A) Ossicles
• B) Pinna
• C) Tympanic Membrane
• D) Auricle
Calcitonin
• Decreases blood
calcium levels by
causing its deposition
on bone
• Antagonistic to
parathyroid hormone
• Produced by C
(parafollicular) cells
Figure 9.9
Parathyroid Glands
• Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid
• Secrete parathyroid hormone
• Stimulate osterclasts to remove calcium from bone
• Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to absorb more
calcium
• Raise calcium levels in the blood
Adrenal Glands
• Two glands
• Cortex – outer glandular region in three layers
• Medulla – inner neural tissue region
• Sits on top of the kidneys
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
• Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)
• Produced in outer adrenal cortex
• Regulate mineral content in blood, water, and
electrolyte balance
• Target organ is the kidney
• Production stimulated by renin and aldosterone
• Production inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
Figure 9.10
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
• Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and
cortisol)
• Produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex
• Promote normal cell metabolism
• Help resist long-term stressors
• Released in response to increased blood levels of
ACTH
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
• Sex hormones
• Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex
• Androgens (male) and some estrogen (female)
Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
• Produces two similar hormones (catecholamines)
• Epinephrine
• Norepinephrine
• These hormones prepare the body to deal with
short-term stress
Multiple Choice
• Which of the following is not true about
lysozymes?
• A) Found in tears
• B) They are enzymes
• C) It destroys bacteria
• D) Stimulates rods & cones
Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands
in the Stress Response
Figure 9.12
Pancreatic Islets
• The pancreas is a mixed gland
• The islets of the pancreas produce hormones
• Insulin – allows glucose to cross plasma membranes
into cells from beta cells
• Glucagon – allows glucose to enter the blood from
alpha cells
• These hormones are antagonists that maintain blood
sugar homeostasis
Multiple Choice
• Hyposecretion of thymosin can cause?
• A) Reduced Immunity
• B) Superhuman Strength
• C) Runny Nose
• D) Excessive Talking
Pancreatic Islets
Figure 9.13
Pancreatic Hormones and Blood Sugar
Figure 9.14
Pineal Gland
• Found on the third ventricle of the brain
• Secretes melatonin
• Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep cycles
• May have other as-yet-unsubstantiated functions
Thymus
• Located posterior to the sternum
• Largest in infants and children
• Produces thymosin
• Matures some types of white blood cells
• Important in developing the immune system
Multiple Choice
• Substance providing eyeball its shape is called:
• A) Canal of Schlemm
• B) Aqueous Humor
• C) Vitreous Humor
• D) Choroid Coat
Hormones of the Ovaries
• Estrogens
• Produced by Graafian follicles or the placenta
• Stimulates the development of secondary female
characteristics
• Matures female reproductive organs
• Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized
egg
• Helps maintain pregnancy
• Prepares the breasts to produce milk
Hormones of the Ovaries
• Progesterone
• Produced by the corpus luteum
• Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle
• Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus
Hormones of the Testes
• Interstitial cells of testes are hormone-producing
• Produce several androgens
• Testosterone is the most important androgen
• Responsible for adult male secondary sex
characteristics
• Promotes growth and maturation of male
reproductive system
• Required for sperm cell production
Multiple Choice
• Hormones are typically regulated by:
• A) Positive Feedback
• B) Negative Distinctions
• C) Positive Inhibition
• D) Negative Feedback