Transcript Energy
Everything is connected • • AUTOTROPHS • Chemosynthesis Evolution ENERGY HETEROTROPHS Photosynthesis Cell Respiration Light Reaction Break down food Calvin Cycle (Dark Reaction) Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain The chemical formula for Photosynthesis Plant & Animal Cells need CHEMICAL ENERGY In the form of ATP • ADENOSINE TRI PHOSPHATE Where does the energy come from? How can it be recycled? • To get energy – Remove a PO4 Group & ENERGY is Released. The molecule then becomes ______ Energy! • Recycling ADD A PO4, YOU GET_________ THIS IS CALLED PHOSPHORYLATION PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELL RESPIRATION ARE LINKED Fill in the Blanks O2 ATP H2O SUNLIGHT CO2 CHLOROPLAST CELL RESPIRATION MITOCHONDRIA PHOTOSYNTHESIS Answers SUNLIGHT CHLOROPLAST PHOTOSYNTHESIS O2 MITOCHONDRIA CELL RESPIRATION H2O CO2 ATP LEAVES ARE WHERE PHOTOSYNTHESIS TAKES PLACE < < -Plant Transport- <> Chlorophyll SUNLIGHT REACTS IN THE CHLOROPLAST Thylakoid (1) Granum stack of Thylakoids STROMA Gel-like substance surrounds Granum A closer look at the Thylakoid LIGHT HAS MANY COLORS THE COLOR WE SEE IS VISIBLE LIGHT WHAT COLOR LIGHT DO PLANTS ABSORB TO MAKE GLUCOSE? • RED, BLUE & VIOLET ARE BEST • THEY REFLECT OTHER COLORS LIKE GREEN, YELLOW, ETC Plant pigments • CHLOROPHYLL a IS THE PRIMARY ONE- green blue • CHLOROPHYLL b IS ANOTHER ONEgreen olive, yellowish • Carotenoids are yellow, orange and red pigments Key Concepts I: Plant Pigment Chromatography Paper chromatography is a technique used to separate a mixture into its component molecules. The molecules migrate, or move up the paper, at different rates because of differences in solubility, molecular mass, and hydrogen bonding with the paper. For a simple, beautiful example of this technique, draw a large circle in the center of a piece of filter paper with a black water-soluble, felt-tip pen. Fold the paper into a cone and place the tip in a container of water. In just a few minutes you will have tie-dyed filter Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis Introduction 4-I Chromatology Key Concepts I Design of the Experiment I Closer Look: Depositing the Pigment Pigment Separation paper! Analysis of Results I Lab Quiz I 4-II Photosynthesis The green, blue, red, and lavender colors that came from the black ink should help you to understand that what appears to be a single color may in fact be a material composed of many different pigments —and such is the case with chloroplasts.Stud this figure; you will return to it later. PHOTOSYSTEM II & I PS II PSI Oxidation & Reduction • Reduction is… • When an atom gains an e- its charge is reduced. It becomes negative • Oxidation is … • When an atom loses an e- its charge becomes positive. • Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration is a series of oxidation/reduction reactions. PHOTOSYSTEM II happens 1ST! • STEP 1. Sunlight is absorbed by leaves. H2O is present in the cells of the leaves. • STEP 2. The Sunlight splits the H2O so that O is released by the stomata in the leaves into the atmosphere. • STEP 3. H2+ from the water (H2O) is energized & gets carried by NADP, an electron transporter. It carries electrons along the Thylakoid membrane. • The NADP becomes NADPH. This is called a reduction. NADP picked up a charged H+ MOVING OF e-’S IN THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANE • NADP+ accepts e- to become NADPH. It is an e- carrier. • The movement of e-’s causes ATP to be created. NADP PHOTOSYSTEM I • STEP 1. H+ gets into the Thylakoid membrane via the ATP SYNTHASE CHANNEL. It is a membrane protein which transports the H+ into the thylakoid space. • Step 2. ADP is inside the thylakoid space. PO4 is also inside the thylakoid. The H+ energy is used to convert the ADP to ATP by adding a PO4. Photophosphorylation PHOTOSYSTEM II & I PS II PSI Cyclic & Non-Cyclic Light Reaction • There are 2 routes for electron flow • The most common is Non-cyclic. Use of PSII and PSII. Both ATP & NADPH are created • Cyclic creates only ATP using only PSII – If NADPH is at a high level, then this plant cells shift from noncyclic to cyclic. Once ATP is depleted or low, then Non-cyclic will occur. Non-Cyclic Electron flow of Light Reaction Cyclic Electron flow of light reaction Non-cyclic occurring on thylakoid membrane Chemiosmosis accumulation of H+ ions inside thylakoid Non-cyclic occurring on thylakoid membrane • The accumulation of H+ causes the pH to drop which creates a concentration gradient of H+ • ATP is synthesized using this gradient. • H+ flows from inside thylakoid membrane to the stroma. PS II, PS I & CALVIN CYCLE OUTPUTS OF Calvin PRODUCT OF Calvin Cycle CALVIN CYCLE AKA DARK REACTION • • • • • • Inputs- CO2,ATP, NADPH (reactants) from PSII, PSI Outputs- C6H12O6, NADP, ADP This step makes the product GLUCOSE OCCURS IN THE STROMA of the chloroplast No Sunlight is needed for this step Enzyme needed is Rubisco to catalyze CO2 with RuBP (rubilose biphosphate, a 5 carbon sugar, which accepts CO2 • The CALVIN CYCLE Oxidizes ATP TO ADP & Oxidizes NADPH TO NADP+ (REMOVAL OF e-) C-4 & CAM PLANTS • CACTI do not OPEN THEIR STOMATA during the day. • It is too hot! If they open their stomata to get CO2 the cacti would lose water. • The cacti open their stomata at night to take in CO2. It is stored inside the cells of the cacti in the cytoplasm of the mesophyll cells. • During the night the stored CO2 is used to perform the Calvin Cycle • tropical environment plants slightly close stomata to avoid losing water (photorespiration). In the cytoplasm of mesophyll cells they us PEP carboxylase, an enzyme, which reacts with CO2 to form a 4 carbon intermediate molecule- oxaloacetate C-4 pathway C-4 v CAM plants