Transcript Part 3: EOC Review PowerPoint

Biology EOC Review
Biological Molecules and Membranes
Part 3
If you…
 …recall, we just covered the structure of a
membrane, cell transport, functions of the parts of a
cell, and the differences between Prokaryotic
Bacteria, Eukaryotic Animal Cells, and Eukaryotic
Plant Cells.
 In this Power Point, we will focus on how the cell
deals with its environment in order to establish
homeostasis.
 We will also discuss how a cell makes and stores
energy.
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Achieving Balance
 Just like you need to find the balance in your life
between being an academically good student,
reducing stress, and having positive interactions
within your social network, cells have the same
problem.
 Balance is called equilibrium in a chemistry course.
 Balance is called homeostasis in a biology course.
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Achieving Homeostasis
 Your cell is aware of its environment.
 If it notices a ‘problem,’ it will try to fix it or it runs
the risk of getting sick and potentially dying. It’s a
feedback loop.
 This is really what homeostasis is; staying healthy.
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Achieving Homeostasis
 The cell can stay healthy either by making a
problem less of an issue or making the problem
completely go away. We call this negative
feedback.
 If a cell really likes its situation, it may instead
increase what it likes. We call this positive
feedback.
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Homeostasis Review
Videos
 Homeostasis (and the Cell Membrane King)
 Homeostasis in the Human Body - 3DANIMATION
/EXPLAINATION
 Feedback Loops
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Food in and Wastes Out
 While this concept seems pretty straight forward
and we already discussed that the cell does have the
structures and cell transport mechanisms to move in
food and get rid of wastes:
 What do cells eat?
 What happens to the food once inside the cell?
 What waste products are produced?
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Primary Producers
 Some cells actually make their own food and are
called primary producers.
 Primary producers are also referred to as
autotrophs.
 Autotrophs come in two basic types, those that
produce food from chemicals (chemotrophs) and
those that produce food from the sun (phototrophs).
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Photosynthesis
 While chemotrophs are really cool, we’ll talk about
them more when we discuss evolution.
 Instead, we are going to focus on the phototrophs
and the process that they use to make food from the
sun, which is called photosynthesis.
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Photosynthesis
 Cells that can use photosynthesis need just a few
things or reactants to make energy.
 They need a source of strong enough light.
 They need a source of carbon dioxide gas.
 They need a source of water in liquid form.
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Photosynthesis
 Once you have these three reactants (light, carbon
dioxide, and water) in the right amount,
photosynthetic cells will then produce sugar and
oxygen.
 In plants, this takes place in the chloroplasts.
 Photosynthesis and the Teeny Tiny Pigment
Pancakes is a great video that talks about this
process.
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Photosynthesis
 Photosynthesis can be broken down into two parts,
the light dependent reaction, which needs light to
work, and the light independent reaction, which
does not need light to work.
 The light independent reaction, the one that does
not require light, can also be called the Calvin Cycle
or the dark reaction. Watch the link for a great
resource.
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The Light Dependent
Reaction in Photosynthesis
 In plants, this process takes place inside a
chloroplast.
 Inside the chloroplast, you will find a chemical
pigment that reacts to certain types of light.
 This pigment is called chlorophyll, which absorbs
red and blue wavelengths of light and reflects
green.
 That’s why chlorophyll looks green to us.
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Summary of
Photosynthesis
 A summary of the chemical reactions that take place
during photosynthesis can be shown in the
following reaction: Light + 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
 CO2 = carbon dioxide H2O = water C6H12O6 =
glucose O2 = oxygen
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Now what?
 So, photosynthetic autotrophs such as plants
convert light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into
oxygen and glucose.
 What does a plant do with this glucose?
 For an answer, we need to review the parts of a
plant. Flower & Plant Care : How Do Plants Store
Excess Sugar? and Animation - Transport of water
and sugar in plants
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Transport in Plants
 We focused on the process of photosynthesis in
which photosynthetic autotrophs called plants use
light, water, carbon dioxide, and the green pigment
chlorophyll to produce oxygen and the
monosaccharide glucose in a process known as
photosynthesis.
 If a plant does not need to use this sugar, it moves it
to other locations in a process known as plant
transportation. This is a great link that reviews quite
a bit of information.
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Photosynthesis – a Review
 Photosynthesis Animation
 Photosynthesis
 Photosynthesis Style (Gangnam Style Parody)
 Photosynthesis Song (Wrecking Ball - Miley Cyrus)
 "Let it Grow" - A Photosynthesis Parody to Idina
Menzel's "Let it Go"
 Photosynthesis Rap (50 Cent - In Da Club)
 Photosynthesis Rap Video
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Sugar made. Check.
Sugar stored. Check.
 What if you need to use the energy that is stored in
the sugars produced through the process of
photosynthesis?
 What is that process that all cells (Yes, even in
photosynthetic autotrophs.) called?
 It’s the process of cellular respiration, if you want a
lot of energy.
 If little energy is needed or you don’t have access to
enough oxygen, you ferment.
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Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
 Most, but not all of cellular respiration takes place
in the mitochondria of a cell.
 Cellular Respiration and the Mighty Mitochondria
 Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration.
 Glycolysis occurs in the cell’s cytoplasm and it
literally means that a sugar is going to be broken
down into pyruvate.
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Cellular Respiration
Krebs Cycle
 The second step in cellular respiration is called the
Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle.
 This chemical process occurs in the mitochondria.
 The pyruvate we just formed now gets placed into a
circular chemical process that produces carbon
dioxide gas and energy.
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Summary of Cellular
Respiration
 All of the complicated chemical reactions involved
in cellular respiration can be summarized in the
following equation:
 C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
 CO2 = carbon dioxide H2O = water C6H12O6 =
glucose O2 = oxygen
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Cellular Respiration –
a Review
 Cellular Respiration Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron
Transport 3D Animation YouTube 720p
 Cell Respiration Song
 Cellular Respiration Breakdown - Original Rap Video
 One Direction: What Makes You Beautiful Parody WHAT MAKES GLYCOLYSIS!
 Spice Cells - 'Wanna be' (Citric Acid Cycle)
 Hey Soul Sister/Electron Transport Chain
 Cellular Respiration Song (Last Friday Night)
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What if…
 … you need to break down sugars, but you don’t
have enough oxygen gas?
 This process is called fermentation or anaerobic
respiration.
 Yeast cells do this all of the time, which is why
bread rises. Bacteria in yogurt ferment as well.
 We also use fermentation when we run out of
oxygen but, in us, it causes our muscles to cramp
due to a build up of lactic acid.
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The KEY Point
 So, in a nutshell: Photosynthesis = (light, carbon dioxide, & water) to
make (sugar & oxygen).
 Cellular Respiration = (sugar & oxygen) to make
(energy, carbon dioxide, & water).
 Makes you want to break out into ‘The Circle of
Life,’ doesn’t it. If you need the lyrics, see the link.
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The KEY Point
 Basically - Photosynthesis is the opposite of Cellular
Respiration. They are the same reaction, just in
reverse.
 Photosynthesis = Light + 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
 Cell. Resp.
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= C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
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In Review
 In this Power Point we discussed homeostasis,
feedback loops, negative feedback, and positive
feedback.
 We discussed how some cells make their own
energy and focused on the photosynthetic
autotrophs.
 We then discussed how plants store this energy in a
process called plant transport.
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In Review
 Next, we discussed how all organisms break down
sugars in the presence of oxygen in a process called
aerobic respiration or cellular respiration.
 Finally, we covered what cells have to do if there
isn’t enough oxygen around but they still needed to
break down sugars. This process is called anaerobic
respiration or fermentation.
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Preview
 In the next Power Point, we will focus on the next
characteristic of life, how cells pass down
characteristics from one generation to another
generation.
 Basically, we will cover all forms of reproduction.
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The End
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