Transcript Cell Diversity

Cell Diversity: Unit 2
The Cell
Cells are not identical – they diversify their
structure to suit their function
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFuEo2c
cTPA
Aidhm: You will be able to
• Define the term: tissue
• Name 2 plant tissues.
• Name 2 animal tissues
• Explain the term: Tissue culture
• State 2 applications of tissue culture
• Define the term: organ
• Name 1 plant organ
• Name 1 animal organ
• Define the term: organ system.
• Name any 2 animal systems.
Cell Diversity
What type of cell is this
Animal Cell
Cell Diversity
What type of cell is this
Plant Cell
Cell Diversity
Fill in the missing word
cell, _____, organ, organ system, organism,,
Tissue
Cell Diversity
A tissue is a group of ________ that carry
out similar function
Cells
Cell Diversity
Heart, stomach, intestine, liver are all
examples of what?
Organs
Types of Cells (Animals Cells)
Nerve Cells
Red Blood Cells
Muscle Cells
Learning objectives
Define the term: tissue
Name 2 plant tissues.
Name 2 animal tissues
Can you define the term tissue?

You have 1 minute to form a definition
Tissues
A Tissue is a group of similar cells with the
same function.
Can you think of the names of
any plant tissues?

Dermal tissue
Xylem
 Phloem

Vascular Tissues
Tissue types in L.S. of stem
13
Tissue types in T.S. of stem
14
Phloem on the outside
Xylem on the inside
Plant Tissue
1. Dermal tissue
- A single layer of cells. Surrounds different
parts of a plant
-
E.g. epidermis (protects the plant)
-
Location: like skin. Covers leaves, stems, roots
Description: rectangular cells, sometimes
covered by a cuticle (waterproof layer)
Function: protects plant
-
-
Can you name the two types of
Vascular Tissue?
1.Xylem
2.Phloem
Plant Tissue
2. Vascular Tissue
- Transports materials around the plant
-
Xylem: transports water and minerals around the
plant. Consists of hollow tubes
Phloem: transports food from the leaves to the other
parts of the plant. Tube like structures
What are the 2 types of Xylem cells?
Xylem Tracheids
Found in conifers
Xylem Vessels
Found in deciduous trees
Phloem Structure
2 Companion
cells: lie
alongside the
sieve tube.
Nucleus
controls
activities of
both
companion
and sieve
tube cell
1. Sieve tube
cells: long cells
stacked end to
end. Mature cells
with cytoplasm
but no nucleus
Sieve plates
Cytoplasm extends
from cell to cell
through the
sieve plate
Learning objectives
Define the term: tissue
Name 2 plant tissues.
Name 2 animal tissues
Can you think of the names of
any animal tissues?
Write down the following words and see if
you can explain what they mean:
 Connective tissue
 Nervous tissue
 Muscular tissue
 Epithelial tissue

Animal Tissues
4 types: connective, nervous, muscular and
epithelial

Connective tissue: joins tissues
and supports other body
structures. Eg: cartilage, bone
and blood is a connective
tissue.

Nervous tissue: composed of
nerve cells called neurons.
Send electrical impulses to the
brain.
Animal Tissues
4 types: connective, nervous,
muscular and epithelial
 Muscular tissue: long
cells that can shorten
eg: ligaments and
tendons.

Epithelial tissue: flat
cells that cover
surfaces. Eg: Skin
Learning Check
Can you name 3 types of cell?
 What is a tissue?
 Can you recall 2 types of animal tissue?
 Can you recall 2 types of plant tissue?

Tissue Culture

Tissue culture: cells grown on artificial
medium outside an organism

The tissue sample is removed from a
plant/animal and grown in glassware ( in vitro) or
in a bioreactor in sterile fluid under controlled
conditions
Growth is
 by mitosis
 produces a cluster of identical offspring - a
clone

Can you think of any conditions
necessary for growth of a
tissue?
 Oxygen
Nutrients
 Growth factors and hormones
 Correct pH
 Optimum temperature
 Sterile conditions
 Freedom from competition

Tissue Culture



Sterile conditions must be used.
Sterile: prevent growth of bacteria and fungi
If bacteria and fungi were allowed to grow,
they would destroy cell growth
Fighting disease
Applications of tissue cultures

1. Cancer research
 Antibodies are produced by white
blood cells and fight infection
 Antigens are chemicals on foreign
bodies that cause infection
 Cancer cells have antigens
 Tissue culture can be used to
produce antibodies that attach
to cancer cells only
 Monoclonal antibodies may
change colour when they react
with cancer antigens. Can tell if
there is cancerous cells in a
sample
Applications of tissue cultures

2.Micro propagation of plants
Applications of tissue cultures

2.Micro propagation of plants
 This is the growth of large number of
plants from a small piece of a plant
 Carried out in a suitable medium.
 Forms clump of cells called a callus
 Conditions present to allow callus to grow
 Produces exact copies
 Quickly produces mature plants
 Inexpensive
Learning Check
What is Tissue Culture?
 What kind of conditions do cells in tissue
culture need?
 Can you name two uses for tissue culture?

Organs


An organ: a number of tissues that work
together to carry out one or more functions
Examples (Plants)
 Root
 Stem
 Leaf
 Flower
Organs
 Leaf
is composed
of
Dermal
tissue: makes
up epidermis
Vascular tissue: xylem
and phloem
Ground tissue: makes
up body of leaf
Organs
Examples (Animals)
 Heart
 Stomach
 Intestine
 Liver
Examples

Heart is composed of
 Muscular
tissue: cardiac muscles
 Epithelial tissue: heart is enclosed in a
membrane called the pericardium
 Connective tissue: blood & blood vessels
 Nervous tissue: controls heart
Systems

A system consists of a number of
organs working together to carry out
one or more functions
Respiratory System
Urinary System
•
Animal Systems
Digestive
•
Circulatory
•
Nervous
•
Urinary
•
Endocrine
•
Skeletal
•
Muscular
•
Reproductive

Learning Check
What is an organ?
 Can you name 2 plant organs?
 Can you name 2 animal organs?
 What is an organ system?
 Can you recall 2 animal organ systems?

2012 OL Q14 c
2012 OL Q14 c
2013 OL Question 15c
2007 OL: Book page 101
Can you….
• Define the term: tissue
• Name 2 plant tissues.
• Name 2 animal tissues
• Explain the term: Tissue culture
• State 2 applications of tissue culture
• Define the term: organ
• Name 1 plant organ
• Name 1 animal organ
• Define the term: organ system.
• Name any 2 animal systems.