Transcript The Sea Floor

Laws of Thermodynamics

The First Law



Energy cannot be _________________,
Created or Destroyed
only transformed
100%
No energy transformation is _____
efficient
The Second Law

Entropy
_______
Increases
Pyramid of Biomass
1.
Trophic_ Levels
________
Pounds
The Sun
_Pounds
Consumers
Heterotrophs
__________
3.
10,000 Pounds
Photosynthesis (P/S)
Producers
Autotrophs
__________
2.
Trophic Levels
Tuna
Sharks
Swordfish
Trophic Level 5
10% Efficient
Large Carnivores:
Trophic Level 4
10% Efficient
Small Carnivores:
1-2%
Efficient
Trophic Level 3
10% Efficient
Herbivores:
Trophic Level 2
10% Efficient
The Sun
Phytoplankton:
Trophic Level 1
Autotrophs =
Photosynthetic organisms that
are capable of making their own food
Diatoms: Marine Phytoplankton are?
Marine primary producers. They are photosynthetic.
Primary Production

Rate of photosynthesis
A Measure of the ____________________

Deserts

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200 pounds of edible vegetation produced per
acre per year
Tropical Rain Forests
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10,000 pounds of edible vegetation produced per
acre per year
Type of consumer? Herbivores are primary consumers
Common name? Roosevelt Elk
Where am I found? Old growth forests
Type of consumer?
Carnivores are secondary consumers
Omnivores?
Coyotes are omnivores since they eat
both meat and plant material
Role in ecosystem?
Fungi
Kingdom?
Fungi are decomposers
P.E.

Versus
Potential Energy
1.
K.E

Kinetic Energy
2.

Energy of Position
3.

Energy of Motion
4.

Chemical bond
energy

Released when
chemical bonds are
broken
Atomic Structure: The Nucleus


Protons
Neutrons
Charge =
Weight =
+1
1
Charge =
0
Weight =
1
Electron Orbitals or Energy Levels

Electrons
Charge =
Weight =
-1
0
Helium Atom
1P
e-
6P
6N
2e-
4eHydrogen
Carbon
Ionic Bonds

Ions (charged atoms)
Bonds that form between_____

Give an example of an ion?
H+
Covalent Bonds

Bonds that form when atoms ?
1P
Hydrogen
e-
Acids and Bases

Acids:


Release
Hydrogen ions
H+
Bases:

Release
Hydroxide ions
OH-
Acids and Bases
HCl
NaOH
H3X
H+
Na+
H+H+
X-3
H+
I
Cl-
OHII
III
H2O
H+
OHIV
The pH Scale
0
.
Acidic
1 2 3 4 5 6
7
Basic
8 9 10 11 12 13
H+ = OH-
14
The pH Scale
What is a buffer?
Human blood = pH 7.4
Monomeres versus Polymers
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

Glucose
_________

Amino acids
Proteins
_________

Nucleotides
DNA and RNA
Digestion

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins
________
__________
________
Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides
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Disaccharides
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Glucose
Blood Sugar = ___________
Fructose
Fruit Sugar = ___________
Galactose
Milk Monosaccharide = __________
Fructose
Sucrose = Glucose + __________
Lactose = Glucose + __________
Galactose
Maltose = Glucose + __________
Glucose
Polysaccharides
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Plants
Starch = Storage form of glucose in __________
Animals
Glycogen = Storage form of glucose in ________
Cell Walls
Cellulose = Plant__________________
Proteins:
The Primary Structure
Enzymes are Specialized?
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
Enzymes are catalyst
Catalysts increase the rates of chemical
reactions
Many enzymes names have ase endings
Sucrose
Lactose
Sucrase
Lactase
Glucose + Fructose
Glucose + Galactose
Solution = Solute + Solvent
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Solute =
Solvent =

The Universal Solvent is?
What is the percentage of
Solute in:
1. Solution A?
2. Solution B?
What is the percentage of
Solvent in
1. Solution A?
2. Solution B?
Proteins

Amino acids
Composed of ___________

Nitrogen (N)
Contains the element __________

Source of nitrogenous wastes

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Most fish
Sharks, frogs, humans
Reptiles and birds
Enzymes

Enzymes are specialized proteins that
Increase the rates of chemical reactions
__________________
Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + E
glucose
Oxygen
______
+ _____

What is the energy source that drives P/S?
Solar (Energy from the sun)

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What is the primary photosynthetic
pigment? Chlorophyll
A measure of the amount of
photosynthesis is called? Primary production
Elodea : A Plant Cell
What are
these green
things?
Cellular Respiration

______ + ___
Eat

Exhale
ATP
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
Breathe
6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Energy in a form the cell can use
“Cellular Gasoline”
Where in the cell does most ATP
porduction occur?
Energy
Autotrophs Versus Heterotrophs
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Autotrophs

Heterotrophs
Pyramid of Biomass
How many trophic levels are in this pyramid?
Carnivores
_______ Pounds
The Sun
10% Efficient
Herbivores
________ Pounds
1–2%
Efficient
Plants
100,000 Pounds
Light E
Food E
10% Efficient
Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic VS Eukaryotic Cells
________ White Blood
Cell
________or “false foot”
created by?
_________Bacterial Cell
Plant Cells Versus Animal Cells
Plant Cells Versus Animal Cells
A Plant Cell
1.
2.
3.
Mitochondrion


Site of?
Most of the ATP in
cellular respiration is
made here
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Choloroplasts: The Site Of?
Cilia and Flagella
Cell Secretion is called?
Cell Eating is called?
Diffusion

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The movement of __________ from a
region of ______concentration to a
region of ______concentration
The driving force for diffusion is
Brownian movement
Diffusion stops at ____________
Osmosis

The movement of _____ from a region
of high ______ concentration to a
region of low _____ concentration
through a ____________________.
Practice
Solution A
What is the
percentage
of :
1.
Solute?
2.
Solvent?
A is ____________ to B
B is ____________ to A
Osmoregulation In Marine Fish
The fish is ____________ to the sea water
0.9% Salt
3.5% Salt
Osmoregulation In Freshwater Fish
The fish is _______________ to the water
0.2% Salt
0.9% Salt
Modes of Heat Loss and Heat Gain

Radiation
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Conduction
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Heat moving from a region of ____ to ____
Heat loss or gain from _______________
Convection
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Heat loss or gain due to water or _____ currents
The still layer of air or water around any object is
called the ____________
Evaporation: The most effective mode of heat loss for
terrestrial animals
Ectothermic Versus Endothermic

Mostly Poikilothermic


_____ Metabolic Rate

The primary source of
body temperature is
the __________

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Mostly
Homeothermic
____ Metabolic Rate
The primary source
of body temperature
is ____________