Transcript HUD06D~1
Human Physiology: Cell structure and function and Organization of cells, tissues and organs, systems BY DR BOOMINATHAN Ph.D. M.Sc.,(Med. Bio, JIPMER), M.Sc.,(FGSWI, Israel), Ph.D (NUS, SINGAPORE) PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY III Lecture 9/August/2012 Source: Collected from different sources on the internet-http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html Collected, and modified by Dr Boominathan Ph.D. Cell Junctions Plasma membrane proteins connect neighboring cells - called Cell junctions Plant cells – plasmodesmata provides channels between cells Cell Junctions 3 types of cell junctions in animal cells Tight junctions; Anchoring junctions & Gap junctions Membrane proteins seal neighboring cells so that water soluble substances cannot cross 1 1. Tight junction 2 3 2. Anchoring junction Cytoskeleton fibers join cells in tissues that need to stretch 3. Gap junction Membrane proteins on neighboring cells link to form channels Cell Junctions Tight junctions – membrane proteins seal neighboring cells so that water soluble substances cannot cross between them 1. • Example, between stomach cells Cell Junctions Anchoring junctions – cytoskeleton fibers join cells in tissues that need to stretch 2. • See between heart, skin, and muscle cells Gap junctions – membrane proteins on neighboring cells link to form channels 3. • This links the cytoplasm of adjoining cells Plant Cell Junctions Plasmodesmata form channels between neighboring plant cells Walls of two adjacent plant cells Vacuole Plasmodesmata Plant cell 1 Layers of one plant cell wall Cytoplasm Plasma membrane Plant cell 2 Extracellular Structures Extracellular structures include: -extracellular matrix surrounding animal cells -cell walls of plants, fungi, some protists 9 Extracellular Structures Cell walls -present surrounding the cells of plants, fungi, and some protists -the carbohydrates present in the cell wall vary depending on the cell type: -plant and protist cell walls - cellulose -fungal cell walls – chitin -the entire outside surface of the cell often has a loose carbohydrate coat called the “glycocalyx”. 10 Extracellular Structures Extracellular matrix (ECM) -surrounds animal cells -composed of glycoproteins and fibrous proteins -may be connected to the cytoplasm via integrin proteins present in the plasma membrane 11 Extracellular Structures 12 13 14 Levels Of Organization and Function-Organelles, tissues, organs and systems Levels Of Organization 7.3.1 Summarize the levels of organization within the human body (including cells, tissues, organs, and systems). The levels of organization from simplest to most complex are: Cells Tissues Organs System Organism Cells The basic unit of structure and function in the human body Though all cells perform the processes that keep humans alive, they also have specialized functions as well. Examples may be nerve cells (neurons), blood cells, and bone cells. Tissues A group of specialized cells that work together to perform the same function. There are four basic types of tissue in the human body: Tissues Nerve Tissue Muscle Tissue Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Tissues 1. Nerve tissue – carries impulses back and forth to the brain from the body Three types of muscle tissue tissue – (cardiac, smooth, skeletal) contract and shorten, making body parts move Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Smooth 3. Epithelial tissue – covers the surfaces of the body, inside (as lining and /or covering of internal organs) and outside (as layer of skin) 4. Connective tissue – connects all parts of the body and provides support (for example ligaments, cartilage, tendons ). Organs A group of two or more different types of tissue that work together to perform a specific function. The task is generally more complex than that of the tissue. For example, the heart is made of muscle and connective tissues which functions to pump blood throughout the body. Systems A group of two or more organs that work together to perform a specific function. Each organ system has its own function but the systems work together and depend on one another. There are eleven different organ systems in the human body: circulatory, digestive, endocrine, excretory (urinary), immune, integumentary (skin), muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, and skeletal. Human Physiology: Cell Membrane transport across cell, membrane and Intercellular communication BY DR BOOMINATHAN Ph.D. M.Sc.,(Med. Bio, JIPMER), M.Sc.,(FGSWI, Israel), Ph.D (NUS, SINGAPORE) PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY III Lecture 9/August/2012 Source: Collected from different sources on the internet-http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html Collected, and modified by Dr Boominathan Ph.D. Human Physiology: Levels Of Organization and FunctionOrganelles, tissues, organs and systems BY DR BOOMINATHAN Ph.D. M.Sc.,(Med. Bio, JIPMER), M.Sc.,(FGSWI, Israel), Ph.D (NUS, SINGAPORE) PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY II Lecture 7/August/2012 Source: Collected from different sources on the internet-http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html Collected and modified by Dr Boominathan Ph.D. Human Physiology: Regulation of cell multiplication and Musculo-skeletal system BY DR BOOMINATHAN Ph.D. M.Sc.,(Med. Bio, JIPMER), M.Sc.,(FGSWI, Israel), Ph.D (NUS, SINGAPORE) PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY II Lecture 13/August/2012 Source: Collected from different sources on the internet-http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html Collected, and modified by Dr Boominathan Ph.D. Human Physiology: Musculo-skeletal system: Structure and function of bone, cartilage and connective tissue. Disorders of the skeletal system. Types of muscles structure and function BY DR BOOMINATHAN Ph.D. M.Sc.,(Med. Bio, JIPMER), M.Sc.,(FGSWI, Israel), Ph.D (NUS, SINGAPORE) PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY II Lecture 14/August/2012 Source: Collected from different sources on the internet-http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html Collected, and modified by Dr Boominathan Ph.D.