Transcript Chapter 5

Mitosis is the Basis of Asexual Reproduction
Growth rate of a cell
 Task:
 Complete Activity 5-1A on page 138
Cell Cycle
 The life of a cell is known as the cell cycle.
 Cells die and are replaced at about the same rate in
most cases of cell division.
 Not all cells divide at the same rate
 The cell cycle occurs in somatic (body) cells and
consists of 3 stages:
 Interphase
 Mitosis
 Cytokinesis
Stage 1:
 Interphase:
 The longest stage of the cell cycle
 Cells carry out the function needed for survival and cells
that divide prepare for reproduction
 During the 1st part of interphase, the cell is increasing in
size and making necessary proteins and molecules to
maintain cell function. Organelles begin to duplicate.
 During the 2nd part of interphase, DNA is being
replicated
 During the 3rd part of interphase, cell continues to grow
and makes more proteins
Stage 2
 Mitosis:
 The process of cell division that results in growth and/or
cell replacement of all cells of the body (except for egg
and sperm cells)
 The shortest stage of the cell cycle
 During this stage, the contents of the cell’s nucleus
divides, resulting in two daughter cells that are
identical to the parent cell (Important!!!)
 As the nucleus prepares to divide, the DNA that
replicated during interphase joins together to form the
sister chromatids of a chromosome.
Stage 3
 Cytokinesis:
 The final stage of the cell cycle
 The two nuclei are separated into two daughter cells that
are identical to the original parent cell
 In animal cells, the cell membrane pinches together to
form two cells. In plant cells, a cell plate forms along the
center of the cell to divide the cell into two daughter
cells
Cytokinesis
Stage of Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase and Telophase (PMAT)
 Prophase
 Double stranded chromosomes shorten and thicken
and the membrane around the nucleus begins to fade
 Metaphase
 X-shaped chromosomes are lined up at the equator of
the cell
 Anaphase
 The sister chromatids are pulled apart and move to
opposite poles of the cell. Each sister chromatid is now
considered to be a chromosome
 Telophase
 One complete set of chromosomes is now at each pole.
A membrane forms around each set of chromosomes.
 Now there are two nuclei in one cell and the new cells
are ready to divide
Mitosis
Flashback
 Remember: Mutagens can disrupt and interfere with
mitosis.
 The effect of radiation on cells can be that
chromosomes fail to move to the opposite pole of a cell
during anaphase. (page 146, Figure 5.12). Cells do not
divide and reproduce properly, the result can be cancer
formation
Observing Chromosomes
 Chromosomes are not normally visible under a light
microscope unless the cell being observed is in the process
of dividing.
 Task:
 Activity 5-1C, Observing the Cell Cycle in Plant Cells
 Websites: to observe, identify and describe a cell nucleus
undergoing cell division and chromosomes during each stage
of mitosis.
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http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm
http://www.cellsalive.com/cell_cycle.htm
http://esminfo.prenhall.com/science/BiologyArchive/audesirk/close
rlook/mitosis.html
Asexual Reproduction
 Only one parent is required to produce offspring and
the offspring looks identical to the parent and to each
other.
 The production of clones.
 There are 5 types of asexual reproduction
1. Binary Fission
 A single parent cell replicates its genetic material and
divides into two equal parts
 Examples: algae, amoeba, protozoa
Diatoms
Paramecium
2. Budding
 Occurs when part of the parent pushes outward to
form an outgrowth or bud
 The bud then pinches off from the parent cell to
become identical to the parent
 Example: yeast, hydra, and spider plant
Yeast
Hydra
Budding…
Spider Plant
3. Fragmentation
 If an organism breaks apart as a result of injury, each
fragment then develops into a clone of its parent.
 Example: Sea star, Japanese Knotwood.
4. Vegetative Reproduction
 Occurs when special cells, usually in plant stems and
plant roots, divide repeatedly to form structures that
will eventually develop into a plant identical to the
parent
 Examples: Tubers such as potatoes, tulips or runners
such as strawberries, blackberries and raspberries.
Vegetative Reproduction…
Potato
Strawberries
5. Spore Formation
 Single-celled reproductive cells that grows into a new
individual by mitosis.
 Example: Mold
Advantages/Disadvantages of
Asexual Reproduction
Advantages
Disadvantages
Large number of offspring
from one parent
Offspring are genetic clones.
Mutations of genes could wipe
out all from disease
Large numbers can form and
outcompete other organisms
for food
Large numbers of organisms
can be too close together
(physically) and compete for
food
Large number of organisms
mean that species has better
ability to survive better
If conditions are extreme then
entire species can be wiped out
Energy is not required to find a
mate
Core Lab
Determining the Best Conditions for Yeast Production