Transcript Exchange with the Environment

Exchange with the
Environment
Chapter 4: Section 1
Diffusion
- The movement of particles
- From high concentration to low concentration
Osmosis
- Diffusion of water
- Through a membrane
Plasma
- Fluid in blood: water, salts, sugars
- Contains red and other blood cells
Osmosis is important to cell functions
- Plasma provides water for blood cells
- Can make plants firm again when wilted
- If cell is put into salt, water leaves and cell
shrivels
Passive
Transport
Moving Small Particles
- Moves particles across a membrane
- Does NOT require energy
- Ex. Diffusion and osmosis
Active
Transport
- Moves particles across a membrane
- Requires energy – usually moving from low to
high concentration
Moving Large Particles
Endocytosis
- Active transport
- Cell surrounds and encloses particle
- Particles in a vesicle
Exocytosis
- Releasing a particle
- Particle is in a vesicle
- Vesicle fuses with membrane and releases
particle to outside of cell membrane.
Cell Energy
Chapter 4: Section 2
Getting Energy From Food
Cellular
Respiration
- Food (such as glucose) is broken down in the
presence of oxygen.
into carbon dioxide and water
- Energy is released to carry on other cell
activities
Fermentation
- Process to make energy when oxygen is not
available
- Food (glucose) is broken down but makes less
energy than cellular respiration.
Chlorophyll
- Main pigment used in photosynthesis
- Makes plants green
- Collects energy from the sun
Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light = C6H12O6 + 6O2
** Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration are opposites**
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy(ATP)
cellular respiration
The Cell Cycle
Chapter 4: Section 3
Cell Cycle
- Cell division
- Begins when cells form
- Ends when cell divides
- Only in eukaryotic cells
Chromosome
- Tightly packed structures of DNA
- DNA is copied before the cell divides so each
new cell is an exact copy of its parent cell.
Binary
Fission
- Cell division of prokaryotic cells
- Used by bacteria cells
- Bacteria has one circular chromosome
- Cell splits into two parts.
- Results in two identical cells
*Chromosomes in eukaryotic cells contain more
DNA than prokaryotic cells
Homologous
Chromosomes
- Pair of chromosomes
- The pair are similar
- Carry the same genes on each
3 Stages to the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
1. Interphase
2. Mitosis
3. Cytokinesis
Interphase
- Cell grows
- Chromosomes (DNA) are copied
Mitosis
- Chromosomes condense into an x shape made
Up of two chromatids and held together by a
centromere.
- Chromosomes separate – ensures that each
new cell receives a copy of each chromosome.
- Mitosis is divided into 4
phases.
Phases of Mitosis
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis
Cell Plate
- Division of the cytoplasm.
- Structure formed during Cytokinesis
- Only in cells with a cell wall (Plant Cells)
Mitosis:
• If a cell wants to make a duplicate of itself, it first
must copy its DNA (part of a chromosome).
• The copies then must be separated & sorted into
two sides of the cell.
• The cell then splits in two. Part of each parent is
carried to the two new cells.
• Results in cells such as internal organs, skin, bones,
blood, etc.  Eukaryotic Cells
Interphase occurs just before
Mitosis begins:
- Cell grows
- DNA
(chromosomes) is
replicated along
with organelles and
other cellular
components and
the cell prepares
for division.
http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
Mitosis Interphase
Animal cell
Plant cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
st
1
step in Mitosis:
Prophase (preparation phase)
- The DNA recoils, and
the chromosomes
condense into two
chromatids connected by
a centromere.
- The nuclear membrane
disappears, and the
mitotic spindles begin to
form.
http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
Mitosis Prophase
Animal cell
Plant cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
2nd step in Mitosis:
metaphase (organizational
phase)
The chromosomes
line up the middle of
the cell with the
help of spindle
fibers attached to
the centromere of
each replicated
chromosome.
http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
Mitosis Metaphase
Animal cell
Plant cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
rd
3
step in Mitosis:
Anaphase (separation phase)
The chromosomes
split in the middle
and the sister
chromatids are
pulled by the
spindle fibers to
opposite poles of
the cell.
http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
Mitosis Anaphase
Animal cell
Plant cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
th
4
step in Mitosis:
Telophase
The chromosomes, along
with the cytoplasm and its
organelles and membranes
are divided into 2 portions.
http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
Mitosis Telophase
Animal cell
Plant cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
After Mitosis:
Cytokinesis
Beginning of cytokinesis in a plant:
The splitting of the
cytoplasm into two
separate cells.
Beginning of cytokinesis in an animal:
http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm