Transcript No Slide Title

Cody Gray
Fertilizers, Manures
& Pesticides
Copper Cycle
Literature Cited
Tracey Johnston
Gary Strickland
Human
Shawn Zupancic
Consumption
Animal Uptake
Processing of
Copper
Harvest
Plant Uptake
Mining
Copper
in Soil
Copper Cycle
Mining
Front
Page
Info.
Plant
Plant
Uptake
Residues
Parent
Material
Soil Solution:
Dissolution
Precipitation
Cu2+ and
soluble Cu
Leaching
Hydrous Oxides
& Carbonates
Clay &
Organic Matter
Soil
Microbes
Soluble Cu2+ &
Chelated Cu
under extreme
conditions
Microbial
Residue
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Copper Cycle
Mining
Home
Plant
Plant
Uptake
Residues
Parent
Material
Soil Solution:
Cu2+ and
Precipitation
soluble Cu
Leaching
Hydrous Oxides
& Carbonates
Dissolution
Clay &
Organic Matter
Soluble Cu2+ &
Chelated Cu
under extreme
conditions
Soil
Microbes
Microbial
Residue
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Mining
Copper Cycle
Home
Plant
Plant
Uptake
Residues
Parent
Material
Soil Solution:
Hydrous Oxides
& Carbonates
Soil
Microbes
Cu2+ and
soluble Cu
Microbial
Residue
Clay &
Organic Matter
Soluble Cu2+ &
Chelated Cu
under extreme
conditions
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Copper Cycle
Mining
Home
Plant
Plant
Uptake
Residues
Parent
Material
Soil Solution:
Dissolution
Hydrous Oxides
& Carbonates
Precipitation
Soil
Microbes
Cu2+ and
soluble Cu
Microbial
Residue
Clay &
Organic Matter
Soluble Cu2+ &
Chelated Cu
under extreme
conditions
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Mining
Copper Cycle
Home
Plant
Plant
Uptake
Residues
Parent
Material
Soil Solution:
Hydrous Oxides
& Carbonates
Soil
Microbes
Cu2+ and
soluble Cu
Microbial
Residue
Clay &
Organic Matter
Soluble Cu2+ &
Chelated Cu
under extreme
conditions
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Mining
Copper Cycle
Home
Plant
Plant
Uptake
Residues
Parent
Material
Soil Solution:
Hydrous Oxides
& Carbonates
Soil
Microbes
Cu2+ and
soluble Cu
Microbial
Residue
Clay &
Organic Matter
Soluble Cu2+ &
Chelated Cu
under extreme
conditions
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Mining
Copper Cycle
Home
Plant
Plant
Uptake
Residues
Parent
Material
Soil Solution:
Hydrous Oxides
& Carbonates
Soil
Microbes
Cu2+ and
soluble Cu
Microbial
Residue
Clay &
Organic Matter
Soluble Cu2+ &
Chelated Cu
under extreme
conditions
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Mining
Copper Cycle
Home
Info.
Plant
Plant
Uptake
Residues
Parent
Material
Soil Solution:
Hydrous Oxides
& Carbonates
Soil
Microbes
Cu2+ and
soluble Cu
Microbial
Residue
Clay &
Organic Matter
Soluble Cu2+ &
Chelated Cu
under extreme
conditions
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Mining
Copper Cycle
Home
Plant
Plant
Uptake
Residues
Parent
Material
Soil Solution:
Hydrous Oxides
& Carbonates
Soil
Microbes
Cu2+ and
soluble Cu
Microbial
Residue
Clay &
Organic Matter
Soluble Cu2+ &
Chelated Cu
under extreme
conditions
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Mining
Copper Cycle
Home
Plant
Plant
Uptake
Residues
Parent
Material
Soil Solution:
Hydrous Oxides
& Carbonates
Soil
Microbes
Cu2+ and
soluble Cu
Microbial
Residue
Clay &
Organic Matter
Soluble Cu2+ &
Chelated Cu
under extreme
conditions
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Mining
Copper Cycle
Home
Plant
Plant
Uptake
Residues
Parent
Material
Soil Solution:
Cu2+ and
soluble Cu
Leaching
Hydrous Oxides
& Carbonates
Clay &
Organic Matter
Soil
Microbes
Soluble Cu2+ &
Chelated Cu
under extreme
conditions
Microbial
Residue
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Mining
Copper Cycle
Home
Plant
Plant
Uptake
Residues
Parent
Material
Soil Solution:
Hydrous Oxides
& Carbonates
Soil
Microbes
Cu2+ and
soluble Cu
Microbial
Residue
Clay &
Organic Matter
Soluble Cu2+ &
Chelated Cu
under extreme
conditions
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Copper Cycle
Feces
Dietary Copper
Intestine
2.0 - 5.0
2.0 - 5.0
0.6 - 1.6
0.1 - 0.3
Liver
Direct-reading
Tissues
Fraction
8.0
0.2
0.5
0.5
66
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Bone
Nonerythrocuprein
Marrow
0.8
Numbers in
boxes refer to
mg of Cu in the
pool.
Numbers next
to arrows refer
to mg Cu
transversing the
pathway each
day.
Kidney
0.6
Front
Page
Erythrocuprein
Urine
1.3
Red Blood Cell
0.01 -0.06
Copper Cycle
Feces
Dietary Copper
Intestine
2.0 - 5.0
2.0 - 5.0
0.6 - 1.6
0.1 - 0.3
Liver
Direct-reading
Tissues
Fraction
8.0
0.2
66
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Bone
Nonerythrocuprein
Marrow
0.8
Numbers in
boxes refer to
mg of Cu in the
pool.
Numbers next
to arrows refer
to mg Cu
transversing the
pathway each
day.
Kidney
0.6
Home
Erythrocuprein
Urine
1.3
Red Blood Cell
0.01 -0.06
Copper Cycle
Feces
Dietary Copper
Intestine
2.0 - 5.0
2.0 - 5.0
Liver
Direct-reading
Tissues
Fraction
8.0
0.2
66
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Bone
Nonerythrocuprein
Marrow
0.8
Numbers in
boxes refer to
mg of Cu in the
pool.
Numbers next
to arrows refer
to mg Cu
transversing the
pathway each
day.
Kidney
0.6
Home
Erythrocuprein
Urine
1.3
Red Blood Cell
0.01 -0.06
Copper Cycle
Feces
Dietary Copper
Intestine
2.0 - 5.0
2.0 - 5.0
Liver
Direct-reading
Tissues
Fraction
8.0
0.2
66
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Bone
Nonerythrocuprein
Marrow
0.8
Numbers in
boxes refer to
mg of Cu in the
pool.
Numbers next
to arrows refer
to mg Cu
transversing the
pathway each
day.
Kidney
0.6
Home
Erythrocuprein
Urine
1.3
Red Blood Cell
0.01 -0.06
Copper Cycle
Feces
Dietary Copper
Intestine
2.0 - 5.0
2.0 - 5.0
Liver
Direct-reading
Tissues
Fraction
8.0
0.2
66
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Bone
Nonerythrocuprein
Marrow
0.8
Numbers in
boxes refer to
mg of Cu in the
pool.
Numbers next
to arrows refer
to mg Cu
transversing the
pathway each
day.
Kidney
0.6
Home
Erythrocuprein
Urine
1.3
Red Blood Cell
0.01 -0.06
Copper Cycle
Feces
Dietary Copper
Intestine
2.0 - 5.0
2.0 - 5.0
Liver
Direct-reading
Tissues
Fraction
8.0
0.2
66
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Bone
Nonerythrocuprein
Marrow
0.8
Numbers in
boxes refer to
mg of Cu in the
pool.
Numbers next
to arrows refer
to mg Cu
transversing the
pathway each
day.
Kidney
0.6
Home
Erythrocuprein
Urine
1.3
Red Blood Cell
0.01 -0.06
Copper Cycle
Feces
Dietary Copper
Intestine
2.0 - 5.0
2.0 - 5.0
0.6 - 1.6
0.1 - 0.3
Liver
Direct-reading
Tissues
Fraction
8.0
0.2
66
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Bone
Nonerythrocuprein
Marrow
0.8
Numbers in
boxes refer to
mg of Cu in the
pool.
Numbers next
to arrows refer
to mg Cu
transversing the
pathway each
day.
Kidney
0.6
Home
Erythrocuprein
Urine
1.3
Red Blood Cell
0.01 -0.06
Copper Cycle
Feces
Dietary Copper
Intestine
2.0 - 5.0
2.0 - 5.0
Liver
Direct-reading
Tissues
Fraction
8.0
0.2
66
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Bone
Nonerythrocuprein
Marrow
0.8
Numbers in
boxes refer to
mg of Cu in the
pool.
Numbers next
to arrows refer
to mg Cu
transversing the
pathway each
day.
Kidney
0.6
Home
Erythrocuprein
Urine
1.3
Red Blood Cell
0.01 -0.06
Copper Cycle
Feces
Dietary Copper
Intestine
2.0 - 5.0
2.0 - 5.0
Liver
Direct-reading
Tissues
Fraction
8.0
0.2
0.5
0.5
66
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Bone
Nonerythrocuprein
Marrow
0.8
Numbers in
boxes refer to
mg of Cu in the
pool.
Numbers next
to arrows refer
to mg Cu
transversing the
pathway each
day.
Kidney
0.6
Home
Erythrocuprein
Urine
1.3
Red Blood Cell
0.01 -0.06
Copper Cycle
Feces
Dietary Copper
Intestine
2.0 - 5.0
2.0 - 5.0
Liver
Direct-reading
Tissues
Fraction
8.0
0.2
66
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Bone
Nonerythrocuprein
Marrow
0.8
Numbers in
boxes refer to
mg of Cu in the
pool.
Numbers next
to arrows refer
to mg Cu
transversing the
pathway each
day.
Kidney
0.6
Home
Erythrocuprein
Urine
1.3
Red Blood Cell
0.01 -0.06
Copper Cycle
Feces
Dietary Copper
Intestine
2.0 - 5.0
2.0 - 5.0
Liver
Direct-reading
Tissues
Fraction
8.0
0.2
66
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Bone
Nonerythrocuprein
Marrow
0.8
Numbers in
boxes refer to
mg of Cu in the
pool.
Numbers next
to arrows refer
to mg Cu
transversing the
pathway each
day.
Kidney
0.6
Home
Erythrocuprein
Urine
1.3
Red Blood Cell
0.01 -0.06
Copper Cycle
Feces
Dietary Copper
Intestine
2.0 - 5.0
2.0 - 5.0
Liver
Direct-reading
Tissues
Fraction
8.0
0.2
0.5
0.5
66
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Bone
Nonerythrocuprein
Marrow
0.8
Numbers in
boxes refer to
mg of Cu in the
pool.
Numbers next
to arrows refer
to mg Cu
transversing the
pathway each
day.
Kidney
0.6
Home
Erythrocuprein
Urine
1.3
Red Blood Cell
0.01 -0.06
Role of Copper in Microbial growth:
Used in electron transport.
Back
Home
Copper in the Soil
Next
• Form taken up by the plant: Cu2+
• Mobility in the soil: Immobile, pH
dependent, forms strong complexes with
organic matter, oxides of Fe, Al, Mn, phenolic
carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, and clay
minerals. Undergoes specific adsorption.
Can be isomorphically substituted for Fe or
Mn. Cu can leach through the soil profile in
humus-poor, acidic peat, or in very acidic
mineral soils, such as those around Ni and
Cu smelters. Concentrations of natural Cu in
soil is 34 t0 55 ppm.
Home
Copper in the Soil
Back
• Interactions with other nutrients:
Nitrogen and phosphorus (especially where
Cu deficiencies exist), sulfur, iron, zinc,
manganese, and molybdenum
• Effect of pH on availability:
– high pH (> 7.0) Formation of hydrolysis
products which adsorb to exchange sites (lower
availability), CuOH+ is the primary form.
– middle pH (6.9 - 7.0) Predominate form is
Cu(OH)20.
– low pH (< 6.0) Exchange sites taken up by Al3+
and H+ allowing the Cu2+ form to remain soluble.
• Fertilizer sources: Copper sulfate, copper
nitrate, copper chelate, copper ammonium
phosphate, copper carbonate, animal waste,
copper hydroxide, copper acetate, copper
oxalate, copper oxychloride, copper
polyflavanoids, copper-sulfur frits, copperglass fusions, chalcanthite, azurite, malachite,
chalcopyrite, chalcocite, covellite, tenorite,
cuprite (Loneragan, 1998)
• Pesticide uses: Kopertox, Kocide,
Bordeaux mixture, copper sulfate, copper
chlorides, cupric hydroxide, copper oxides,
miscellaneous other copper sources
Home
Home
Copper in Plants
Next
• Form taken up by the plant: Cu2+
• Mobility in the plant: Immobile
• Concentration in plants: 2-30 ppm dry
weight (Adriano, 1986); 5-20 ppm (Tisdale,
1985)
• Role of nutrient in plant growth:
Copper can not be replaced by another metal
ion in its involvement in enzymes. It is
required for synthesis of quinones in
chloroplasts, and makes up the electron
transporter, plastocyanin in photosystem II.
Back
Copper in Plants
Next
• Deficiency symptoms: Stunted growth,
terminal dieback first in young shoots,
necrosis of the apical meristem, bleaching of
young leaves, impaired lignification of cell
wall, impaired pollen formation and
fertilization, delayed flowering and
maturation, shortened internodes, stem
deformation, yellowing, curling of leaves,
seed and fruit growth dramatically reduced
• Toxicity symptoms: Stunting, reduced
shoot vigor, reduced branching, thickening,
poorly developed and discolored roots, leaf
chlorosis resemble Fe defiencies
Home
Copper in Plants
Back
• Enzymes containing Cu: Superoxide
Dismutase (CuZnSOD), Cytochrome oxidase,
Ascorbate oxidase, Phenol oxidase,
Trysinase, Laccase, Diamine oxidase,
Plastocyanine, Amine oxidase, Stellacyanin
• Copper tolerance: binding to cell wall,
restricted influx through plasma membrane,
active efflux, compartmentation in vacuole,
chelation at the cell wall-plasma membrane
interface, chelation in the cytoplasm
Materials made from Copper
The Copper Page
Home
Home
Copper in Animals
Next
• Tissue distribution:
– highest concentrations liver, kidneys, heart,
pigmented part of the eye, and hair or wool
– mediumconcentrations pancreas, spleen,
muscles, skin and bone
– lowest concentrations thyroid, pituitary, and
thymus
• Transport and tissue utilization: Cu is
loosely bound to plasma albumin and is
distributed to the tissues and taken up by the
bone marrow in red blood cell formation.
Back
Copper in Animals
Next
• Functions: activity of enzymes associated
with Fe metabolism, elastin and collagen
formation, melanin production, integrity of the
central nervous system, red blood cell
formation (hematopoiesis), lysyl oxidase,
cytochrome c oxidase, ferroxidase,
tyrosinase, normal hair and wool
pigmentation (polyphenyl oxidase),
incorporation of disulfide groups into keratin
in wool and hair
Back
Copper in Animals
Next
• Absorption: Absorption is species
dependent mainly from the jejunum,
duodenum, small intestine, or colon.
• Excretion: Bile is the major pathway.
Smaller amounts are lost in feces, urine, and
sweat.
• Deficiency signs: decline in tissue and
blood Cu concentration, incoordination,
ataxia, bone abnormalities, hair and wool fail
to develop normally, cardiovascular lesions
and hemorrhages, fetal death
Home
Copper in Animals
Back
• Toxicity: Sheep and calves appear to be
more susceptible to Cu toxicity than other
species. Observations include
hemoglobinuria, jaundice, and tissue
necrosis.
Toxic to sheep when Cu:Mo ratio >10:1.
Literature Cited
Front
Page
Adriano, D.C. 1986. Trace Elemants in the Terrestrial Environment. Springer-Verlag, New York,
NY.
Agrios, G.N. 1997. Plant Pathology; Fourth Edition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Alloway, G.J. 1995. Heavy Metals in Soils. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY.
Brady, N.C. 1990. The Nature and Property of Soils. ManMillan Publishing Co., New York, NY.
Cartwright, G.E. and M.M. Wintrobe. 1964. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 14: 224; 15: 94.
Committee on Medical and Biological effects of Environmental Pollutants. 1977. Copper. National
Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
Hung, J.J. 1984. Effects of pH and other solution parameters on the Activities of Cadmium,
Copper, and Zinc Cations in Soil Solutions. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor,
Michigan.
Loneragan, L.F., A.D. Robson, R.D. Graham, eds. 1981. Copper in Soils and Plants. Academic
Press, Sydney, Australia.
Marschner, Horst. 1986. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Marschner, Horst. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants; Second Edition. Academic Press, San
Diego, CA.
Nriago, J.O. 1979. Copper in the Environment, Part 1 and 2. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,, New
York, NY.
Pond, W.G., D.C. Church, and K.R. Pond. Basic Animal Nutrition and Feeding; Fourth Edition.
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY.