Transcript Bio 226: Cell and Molecular Biology

Plan C
We will pick a problem in plant physiology and see where it takes us.
1.Biofuels
2.Climate/CO2 change
3.Stress responses/stress avoidance
4.Plant products
5.Improving food production
6.Biotechnology
7.Phytoremediation
8.Plant movements
9.Plant signaling (including neurobiology)
10.Something else?
Course Plan
We will study effects of soil and stresses on plant
secondary products and see where it leads us
1. Learn more about plant secondary products
• Why do they make them?
Course Plan
We will study effects of soil and stresses on plant
secondary products and see where it leads us
1. Learn more about plant secondary products
• Why do they make them?
• When do they make them?
Course Plan
We will study effects of soil and stresses on plant
secondary products and see where it leads us
1. Learn more about plant secondary products
• Why do they make them?
• When do they make them?
• Where do they make them?
Course Plan
We will study effects of soil and stresses on plant
secondary products and see where it leads us
1. Learn more about plant secondary products
• Why do they make them?
• When do they make them?
• Where do they make them?
2. Pick some plants to study
• Capsicum (Chiles) = capsaicin: helps deter mammals,
encourages dispersal by birds
Course Plan
We will study effects of soil and stresses on plant
secondary products and see where it leads us
1. Learn more about plant secondary products
• Why do they make them?
• When do they make them?
• Where do they make them?
2. Pick some plants to study
• Capsicum (Chiles) = capsaicin
• Nicotiana (Tobacco) = nicotine: deters insects?
Course Plan
2. Pick some plants to study
•Capsicum (Chiles) = capsaicin
•Nicotiana (Tobacco) = nicotine
•Onions(Allium cepa)? = syn-Propanethial-S-oxide: deters
herbivory?
Course Plan
2. Pick some plants to study
•Capsicum (Chiles) = capsaicin
•Nicotiana (Tobacco) = nicotine
•Onions (Allium cepa)?= syn-Propanethial-S-oxide
•Garlic (Allium sativum)?= Alliin: quickly converted to
allicin: anti-bacterial, anti-fungal
Course Plan
2. Pick some plants to study
•Capsicum (Chiles) = capsaicin
•Nicotiana (Tobacco) = nicotine
•Onions (Allium cepa)?= syn-Propanethial-S-oxide
•Garlic (Allium sativum)?= Allicin
•Radishes (Raphanus sativus) = raphanin &
glucosinolates: anti-bacterial, anti-fungal
Course Plan
2. Pick some plants to study
•Capsicum (Chiles) = capsaicin
•Nicotiana (Tobacco) = nicotine
•Onions (Allium cepa)?= syn-Propanethial-S-oxide
•Garlic (Allium sativum)?= Alliin
•Radishes (Raphanus sativus) = raphanin, glucosinolates
•Mustard (Brassica juncea) = glucosinolates
•Basil (Ocimum basilicum) = eugenol (and others)
Course Plan
2. Pick some plants to study
•Capsicum (Chiles) = capsaicin
•Nicotiana (Tobacco) = nicotine
•Onions (Allium cepa)?= syn-Propanethial-S-oxide
•Garlic (Allium sativum)?= Alliin
•Radishes (Raphanus sativus) = glucosinolates
•Mustard (Brassica juncea) = glucosinolates
•Basil (Ocimum basilicum) = eugenol (and others)
•Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) = lots of candidates!
Pick some plants to study
•Capsicum (Chiles) = capsaicin
•Nicotiana (Tobacco) = nicotine
•Onions (Allium cepa)?= syn-Propanethial-S-oxide
•Garlic (Allium sativum)?= Alliin
•Radishes (Raphanus sativus) = glucosinolates
•Mustard (Brassica juncea) = glucosinolates
•Basil (Ocimum basilicum) = eugenol (and others)
•Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) = lots of candidates!
•Peppermint (Mentha × piperita) = menthol + many
Pick some plants to study
•Capsicum (Chiles) = capsaicin
•Nicotiana (Tobacco) = nicotine
•Onions (Allium cepa)?= syn-Propanethial-S-oxide
•Garlic (Allium sativum)?= Alliin
•Radishes (Raphanus sativus) = glucosinolates
•Mustard (Brassica juncea) = glucosinolates
•Basil (Ocimum basilicum) = eugenol (and others)
•Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) = lots of candidates!
•Peppermint (Mentha × piperita) = menthol + many
•Catnip (Nepeta cataria) = nepetalactone
Pick some plants to study
•Capsicum (Chiles) = capsaicin
•Nicotiana (Tobacco) = nicotine
•Onions (Allium cepa)?= syn-Propanethial-S-oxide
•Garlic (Allium sativum)?= Alliin
•Radishes (Raphanus sativus) = glucosinolates
•Mustard (Brassica juncea) = glucosinolates
•Basil (Ocimum basilicum) = eugenol (and others)
•Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) = lots of candidates!
•Peppermint (Mentha × piperita) = menthol + many
•Catnip (Nepeta cataria) = nepetalactone
•Dill = dillapiole
We will study effects of soil and stresses on plant
secondary products and see where it leads us
1.Learn more about plant secondary products
2.Pick some plants to study
3. Get them growing
We will study effects of soil and stresses on plant
secondary products and see where it leads us
1.Learn more about plant secondary products
2.Pick some plants to study
3.Get them growing
4.Pick stresses to study
• Germination can be tough, especially for non-crops
We will study effects of soil and stresses on plant
secondary products and see where it leads us
1.Learn more about plant secondary products
2.Pick some plants to study
3.Get them growing
4.Pick stresses to study
• Germination can be tough, especially for non-crops
• Many stresses don’t affect seedlings until they have
used up reserves
We will study effects of soil and stresses on plant
secondary products and see where it leads us
1.Learn more about plant secondary products
2.Pick some plants to study
3.Get them growing
4.Pick stresses to study
• Germination can be tough, especially for non-crops
• Many stresses don’t affect seedlings until they have
used up reserves
Plant Stress
Won Senator Proxmire’s “Golden Fleece”
award for wasteful government spending
Plant Stress
Won Senator Proxmire’s “Golden Fleece” award for
wasteful government spending
1.Water?
Plant Stress
Won Senator Proxmire’s “Golden Fleece” award for
wasteful government spending
1.Water?
2.Nutrients?
Plant Stress
Won Senator Proxmire’s “Golden Fleece” award for
wasteful government spending
1.Water?
2.Nutrients?
3.Environment?
• Temp?
Plant Stress
Won Senator Proxmire’s “Golden Fleece” award for
wasteful government spending
1.Water?
2.Nutrients?
3.Environment?
• Temp?
• Pollution?
Plant Stress
Won Senator Proxmire’s “Golden Fleece” award for
wasteful government spending
1.Water?
2.Nutrients?
3.Environment?
• Temp?
• Pollution?
• Ozone, other gases?
Plant Stress
Won Senator Proxmire’s “Golden Fleece” award for
wasteful government spending
1.Water?
2.Nutrients?
3.Environment?
• Temp?
• Pollution?
• Ozone, other gases?
• Herbicides, eg Round-Up, Atrazine?
Plant Stress
Won Senator Proxmire’s “Golden Fleece” award for
wasteful government spending
1.Water?
2.Nutrients?
3.Environment?
• Temp?
• Pollution?
• Ozone, other gases?
• Herbicides, eg Round-Up, Atrazine?
• Insects and other herbivores?
Plant Stress
Won Senator Proxmire’s “Golden Fleece” award for
wasteful government spending
1.Water?
2.Nutrients?
3.Environment?
• Temp?
• Pollution?
• Ozone, other gases?
• Herbicides, eg Round-Up, Atrazine?
• Insects and other herbivores?
• Pathogens = bacteria, viruses, fungi
Plant Stress
Next assignment: presenting a plant stressor, what is
known about it, and why it might affect plant 2˚
compounds in an ~ 10 minute presentation?
Plant Stress
Next assignment: presenting a plant stressor, what is
known about it, and why it might affect plant 2˚
compounds in an ~ 10 minute presentation?
Alternative: presenting another good plant/stressor
response to study and why we should choose it over the
ones already presented.
Mineral Nutrition
Studied by soil-free culture in nutrient solutions:
Mineral Nutrition
Studied by soil-free culture in nutrient solutions:
Hoagland’s is best known
Mineral Nutrition
Soil-free culture
• Sand culture: don’t really control nutrients
Mineral Nutrition
Soil-free culture
• Sand culture: don’t really control nutrients
• Hydroponics: immerse roots in nutrient solution
Mineral Nutrition
Soil-free culture
• Sand culture: don’t really control nutrients
• Hydroponics: immerse roots in nutrient solution
• Rapidly deplete nutrients & O2 & alter pH
Mineral Nutrition
Soil-free culture
• Sand culture: don’t really control nutrients
• Hydroponics: immerse roots in nutrient solution
• Rapidly deplete nutrients & O2 & alter pH
• Slanted film maintains [nutrients] & O2
Mineral Nutrition
Soil-free culture
• Sand culture
• Hydroponics: immerse roots in nutrient solution
• Slanted film maintains [nutrients] & O2
• Aeroponics sprays nutrient solution on roots
Mineral Nutrition
Macronutrients
• CHOPKNS
Mineral Nutrition
Macronutrients
• CHOPKNS
• CHOPNS make biopolymers
Mineral Nutrition
Macronutrients
• CHOPNS make biopolymers
• N deficiency
• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves
Mineral Nutrition
Macronutrients
• CHOPNS make biopolymers
• P deficiency
• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves
Mineral Nutrition
Macronutrients
• CHOPNS make biopolymers
• S deficiency
• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves
Mineral Nutrition
Macronutrients
• CHOPKNS
• CHOPNS make biopolymers
• K makes turgor, enzyme cofactor
• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves
Mineral Nutrition
Macronutrients
• CHOPKNS
• Ca: signaling, middle lamella, cofactor
• immobile in plant, so shows first in young leaves
Mineral Nutrition
Macronutrients
• Ca: signaling, middle lamella, cofactor
• Fe: cofactor
• immobile in plant, so shows first in young leaves
Mineral Nutrition
Macronutrients
• Ca: signaling, middle lamella, cofactor
• Fe: cofactor
• Mg: cofactor
• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves
Mineral Nutrition
Macronutrients: CHOPKNSCaFeMg
• Ca: signaling, middle lamella, cofactor
• Fe: cofactor
• Mg: cofactor
• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves
Mineral Nutrition
Macronutrients: CHOPKNSCaFeMgBNaCl
• Ca: signaling, middle lamella, cofactor
• Fe: cofactor
• Mg: cofactor
• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves
Mineral Nutrition
Micronutrients: BNaCl
• B: cell elongation. NA metabolism
• immobile in plant, so shows first in young leaves
Mineral Nutrition
Micronutrients: BNaCl
• B: cell elongation. NA metabolism
• Na: PEP regeneration in C4, K substitute
• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves
Mineral Nutrition
Micronutrients: BNaCl
• B: cell elongation. NA metabolism
• Na: PEP regenerationin C4, K substitute
• Cl: water-splitting, osmotic balance
• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves
Mineral Nutrition
Micronutrients: BNaCl others include Cu, Zn, Mn
• B: cell elongation. NA metabolism
• Na: PEP regeneration, K substitute
• Cl: water-splitting, osmotic balance
• Cu: cofactor
• immobile in plant, so shows first in young leaves
Mineral Nutrition
Commercial fertilizers mainly supply NPK
Plant food
• 2.6% ammoniacal nitrogen
• 4.4% nitrate nitrogen
• 9% phosphorus
• 5% potassium
• calcium (2%)
• magnesium (0.5%)
• sulfur (0.05%)
• boron (0.02%)
• chlorine (0.1%)
• cobalt (0.0015%)
• copper (0.05%)
• iron (0.1%)
• manganese (0.05%)
• molybdenum (0.0009%)
• nickel (0.0001%)
• sodium (0.10%)
• zinc (0.05%)