Transcript Institutes of the Christian Religion

• Led by Martin Luther, John Calvin, & others
• Movement to protest abuses within Catholic Church
• Movement destroyed religious unity in Europe &
established many Protestant denominations
• Catholic Church tried to stop spread of Protestant
ideas by reforming itself
• Martin Luther
– Believed salvation was earned by faith not works (prayers,
sacraments, or fasting)
– Issued call for reform because of sale
of indulgences
• 1517- Pope Leo X wanted to rebuild St.
Peter’s Cathedral; sold office to Archbishop
of Mainz & permitted Johann Tetzel to sell
indulgences
• 10/31/1517- Luther posts 95 Theses
• Martin Luther
– Wrote a series of books to explain his beliefs:
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Salvation through faith alone
Religious authority comes from Bible only, not pope
Church is entire community of Christian believers
All work is sacred; people should serve God in their own way
Baptism, communion, & penance are only legitimate sacraments
– Luther supported consubstantiation
– Catholic Church supported transubstantiation
• Secular rulers were supreme authority in all cases
except religious matters
• Martin Luther
– 1520- Pope Leo X orders Luther to recant or be
excommunicated
– 1521- Luther ordered to appear at Diet of Worms, refused
to recant & is declared an outlaw w/ Edict of Worms
• Luther goes into hiding; translates Bible into German
• Martin Luther
– Supported by princes & peasants
• Princes agreed with Luther or saw opportunity to increase their
power
• Peasants thought Luther’s protest was a call for freedom; 1524German Peasant Revolt begins;
Luther urges princes to stop revolt
(100K killed); peasants rejected
Luther’s leadership
• John Calvin
– Influenced by Luther; Bible was final authority & salvation
by faith
– Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536); explains
his views
• Predestination- only God knows who
will be saved; “elect” identified by
good moral life
• Theocracy- unity of church & state
– Implemented in Geneva, Switzerland
• John Calvin
– Calvinism appealing because of simplicity & strict moral
code
– Ideas spread under different names
• Scotland- John Knox & Presbyterianism
• England- Puritans
• France- Huguenots
• Occurred for political reasons, not religious ones
– Henry VIII needed a male heir
• 1536- Parliament passes Act of Supremacy
– King is head of Church of England, not pope; did not
change Church doctrine
– Church land was seized & given to nobles who supported
Henry VIII
• Reform movement in Catholic Church to combat
Protestantism
• Began under Pope Paul III
– Published Index of Forbidden
Books
– Revived Inquisition (religious
court to try & torture heretics)
• Centerpiece of Catholic Reform was Council of Trent
– Salvation earned through faith & good works
– Bible, Church tradition, & Church law were equal
authorities
– Reaffirmed sacraments, celibacy, & monastic life
– Condemned abuses w/in
Church (sale of indulgences
illegal)
– Greater education for clergy
– Helped establish power &
influence of papacy
• Jesuits
– Founded by Ignatius Loyola (1534)
– Spiritual soldiers of Catholic Reformation
– Played important role in upholding
Catholic faith
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Advisors to kings
Educated youth in schools & universities
Carried Christian message to New World
Used Inquisition to assure dominance
of Catholicism
• Effects of Protestant Reformation
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Destroyed religious unity in Europe
Civil authority gained authority over church authority
Growth of education & capitalism
Religious wars
• Germany- ended with Peace of Augsburg (1555); princes
established religion of territories
• France- Henry IV issues Edict of Nantes (limited religious
toleration for Huguenots)
• Thirty Years War (1618-1648); ended with Treaty of Westphalia
– Renewed Peace of Augsburg & recognized Calvinism
– Destroyed Germany; weakened Holy Roman Empire
– Establishes principle of balance of power politics