Eye disorders
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Transcript Eye disorders
Concept: Sensory Perception
Exemplars
Revised July 2015
EYE DISORDERS
Reduced Vision
Visual acuity of 20/200 or less with corrective lenses
= legal blindness
Reduced visual acuity may be in one or both eyes
Causes of Reduced Vision
Refractory errors
Cataracts*
Glaucoma*
Diabetic retinopathy
Macular degeneration*
Eye infection
Eye injury*
Tumors
Signs and Symptoms of
Reduced Vision
Frequent headaches
Reports of blurred or double vision
Closes one eye to read
Trips over or bumps into furniture
Poor depth perception
Inability to discriminate between
similar colors/ shapes
No PERRLA
Reduced Vision
Interventions include:
Communication regarding use of adaptive items
Safety in familiar settings
Ambulation assisted with care
Self-care and independence promoted
Support for the difficulty of adapting
to loss of sight
Interventions to Maintain Safety with
Reduced Vision
Increase amount of light without glare
Utilize bright colors
Remove hazards
Throw rugs
Electric cords
Coffee table
Clear path to bathroom
•
Orient to surroundings
Interventions to Assist in
Adapting to Reduced Vision
Large print books and handouts
Audio books
Magnifying glass
Talking devices (alarm clocks)
Large key pad phone
Hand held call bell
Orient to food location on tray
Color coded or raised label med bottles
Communicating with the
Visually Impaired
Use normal voice tones
Knock, introduce self
Describe the environment
Don’t move anything
without permission
Announce your movements
Read for the patient
Therapeutic communication
Ambulating with the
Visually Impaired
Offer arm
Hold elbow in close
Cane or laser
Community Resources
National Federation for the Blind
Chicago Lighthouse for the Blind
American Foundation for the Blind
Blind/ Visual Impairments website
Blindness Resource Center
AER Online
Association of Education and Rehabilitation for the Visually
Impaired
Cataracts
Cataracts
Clouding and blurring of the lens distort the
image and color projected onto the retina.
As cataract matures, opacity makes it
difficult to see the retina.
Visual acuity is reduced.
No pain or eye redness is associated with
age-related cataracts.
One or both eyes
Vision with Cataracts
Vision with Cataracts
Cataract
Risk Factors
Aging
Heredity
Eye trauma
Diabetes mellitus
Chronic steroid use
Sun exposure
Cigarrete smoking
Cataract Treatment
Ambulatory surgery
Pre-op teaching
Local anesthesia, sedative
Home 1 hour after surgery
Multiple eye drops
TID x 2-4 weeks
Eye assessment
Cataract Surgery
Cataract: Postoperative Care
Eye is unpatched (usually).
Eye shield.
Discharge usually occurs within 1 hr with
dark glasses.
Instill antibiotic-steroid eye drops.
Mild itching is normal.
Pain indicates a complication.
Reduce IOP (usually ordered).
Prevent infection.
Assess for bleeding.
Cataract Surgery
Discharge Teaching
Report to surgeon—sharp, sudden pain in
the eye, bleeding or yellow or green
discharge, lid swelling, decreased vision, or
flashes of light or floating shapes.
Avoid activities that might increase IOP.
Review procedure for use of eye drops.
Follow up appointment with surgeon,
usually in 48 hours.
Activities that Increase IOP
Bending over
Lifting objects over 10 lb.
Coughing, sneezing, blowing nose
Constipation, straining
Vomiting
Sexual intercourse
Tight collars
Glaucoma
Decrease fluid drainage or increased fluid
production
Group of ocular diseases resulting in
increased IOP
Disturbance of the optic nerve
Primary open-angle glaucoma
Angle-closure glaucoma
Glaucoma
Risk Factors for Glaucoma
Aging
Heredity
African American race
Diabetes mellitus
Infection
Tumors
Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
Clinical Manifestations
Generally no symptoms
Elevated IOP (> 21 mm Hg)
Loss of peripheral vision
Decreased accommodation
Usually affects both eyes
Untreated = blindness
Vision with Glaucoma
Diagnostic Tests
Tonometry
Measures IOP (normal 10-21 mm Hg)
Gonioscopy
Determines the drainage angle
of the anterior chamber of the eye
Opthalmoscopy
Visual Field Perimetry
Optic Disc Photographs
Optic Nerve Imaging
Used at regular intervals to assess for
loss of optic nerve fibers
Tonometry
Glaucoma Drug Therapy
Reduce production or increase absorption of
aqueous humor
Prostaglandin analogs
Alpha-adrenergic agonists
Beta- blockers
Cholinergic agonists
(miotics: constrict the pupil
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Patient Teaching:
Administration of Eye Drops
Don’t skip doses
If more than one medication,
wait 5-15 minutes between doses
Punctal occlusion
Glaucoma Surgical Treatment
Glaucoma Surgery
Laser or conventional
Ambulatory surgery
Post operative care
IOP checked by surgeon 1-2hr
Eye patch or shield
Position on back or non-operative side
Monitor for severe pain, N/V
Eliminate activities that increase IOP
Glaucoma Surgery
S&S Postoperative Complications
Acute eye pain
Decreased vision
Vital sign changes
Nausea and vomiting
Retinal Disorders
Macular degeneration*
Retinal hole
Retinal tear
Retinal detachment
Diabetic retinopathy
Macular Degeneration
Risk Factors
Aging
Hypertension
Smoking
Family history
UV light exposure
Light colored eyes
Macular Degeneration
The macula—the area of central vision—
deteriorates.
Degeneration can be atrophic age-related
(dry) or exudative (wet).
Rod and cone photoreceptors
die.
Central vision declines;
patient reports mild blurring,
distortion or a blind spot.
Vision with Macular Degeneration
Macular Degeneration
Treatment
Control of underlying causes (smoking, HTN)
Vitamins (C, E, beta carotene, zinc and others)
Statins
Pegaptanib (Macugen) eye injections
Laser surgery
Eye Injury/ Trauma
Eye trauma- the leading cause of blindness in
children and young adults.
Treatment of Eye Injuries
Splash injuries- irrigate
Foreign bodies- cover and seek treatment
EAR DISORDERS
Hearing Loss
One of the most common physical handicaps in
North America.
2 Types
Conductive
Sensorineural
Anatomy of Hearing Loss
Causes of Conductive Hearing Loss
Inflammatory process
Tympanic membrane perforation
Obstruction of the external or middle ear by
cerumen or foreign objects
Otosclerosis
Causes of Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Loud noises
Aging
Ototoxic drugs:
Antibiotics (gentamycin, amikacin, vancomycin)
Diuretics (furosemide)
NSAIDS (aspirin)
Chemo (cisplatin)
Causes of Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Meniere’s
Disease
Other diseases: Atherosclerosis, HTN, fever, DM
Ear Surgery
Acoustic Neuroma
Treatment of Hearing Loss
Early detection
Drug therapy
Assistive devices:
Hearing aids
Cochlear implants
Tips for Hearing Aids
Start at the lowest setting and gradually increase
Wear for short periods in beginning
Amplifies all noise, background noise
Clean earmold
regularly
Turn off and remove
battery when not in use
Carry extra batteries
Cochlear Implant
Used with sensorineural
hearing loss
Electrodes near inner ear
Computer device external ear
50% hearing improvement
Cochlear Implant
Communicating with the Hearing Impaired
Be sure they can see your lips during conversation
Use good lighting
Get the patient’s attention
prior to speaking.
Move closer to hearing ear
Speak clearly and slowly
Don’t shout
Minimize distracting noises
Community Resources
ADARA
American Deafness and Rehabilitation Association
o
RID
o
Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
o Soft
TTY
o [email protected]
o
NAD
oNational Association for the Deaf
Other Sensory Disorders:
PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIES
Peripheral Neuropathies
Risk factors: Diabetes, impaired perfusion, smoking
Decreased tactile sense
Increased risk for burns, foot injury, falls.