Transcript Physiological Mechanisms of the Effects of Yellow Lenses

Physiological Mechanisms
of the Effects of
Yellow Lenses
David Glabe, MS OD candidate
Jim Sheedy, O.D., PhD
Observations of Yellow Lenses
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Subjective Attributes
◦ Increased brightness perception
◦ Increased ability to see objects against
background
◦ Increased overall clarity of vision
◦ Increased patient comfort during eye exam
◦ Decreased glare
Who uses yellow lenses?
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Marksmen
Bikers
Skiiers/snowboarders
Pilots
Hunters
Drivers
AMD sufferers
Post-surgical cataract patients
Optometrists/ophthalmologists
Northwesterners (think overcast skies)
Computer users (ex. Gunnar Optiks)
What does the literature say?
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Visual acuity and AC/A - no significant effect
(Wolffsohn et al. 2000)
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Contrast sensitivity – ??
Chromatic aberration – decreases by more than
1/3 … in fish (Sivak et al. 1978)
Selectively decreases blue-light damage to RPE
cells (Tanito et al. 2006)
Brightness – up to 40% increase (Kelly 1990)
Discomfort glare – significant decrease (UMTRI)
Subjective preference in glare conditions – Yes!
(Wolffsohn et al. 2000)
But, how?
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Multiple theories, no consensus
◦ Glare reduction
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Possible rod involvement (Vos 2003)
S-cone inhibition
Pupillary response (Chung and Pease 1993)
Circadian receptor response (Kooi and Alferdink 2004)
◦ Brightness perception
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May be rod-mediated (Kelly 1990)
Psychological association with sun (Wright 1949)
Pupillary diameter (Chung and Pease 1993)
Opponent pathways, chromatic channels (Luque et al.
2006)
An intriguing study…
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Kooi and Alferdinck, TNO Human Factors
2004
◦ Attempt to resolve confusion on mechanism
behind discomfort glare reduction observed
with yellow lenses
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Rods
S-cones
Melanopsin
Pupil
Kooi and Alferdinck, 2004
Kooi and Alferdinck, 2004
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Method of adjustment procedure – match
the brightness level
Kooi and Alferdinck, 2004
S-cone spectral sensitivity
Cone Fundamentals
Stockman & Sharpe 2000 10-deg
S-cone
M-cone
L-cone
1.00E+00
Relative Sensitivity
8.00E-01
6.00E-01
4.00E-01
2.00E-01
0.00E+00
Wavelength
440
495
550
Wavelength (nm)
605
660
715
Sivak et al, 2005
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Measurement of discomfort glare from
various types of headlamps
◦ Blue-cone weighted power highly correlated
with discomfort glare
S-cones and brightness
S-cones may play a key role in brightnessenhancing effects of yellow lenses as well
 Experimental design in process to test
this hypothesis
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Where the rubber meets the road
Is it possible to design an “ideal” yellow
ophthalmic lens?
 Can an algorithm be created to predict
effects on brightness and discomfort
glare?
 Potential utility in many fields – vision
ergonomics, aviation, athletics, medicine,
driving
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References
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Chung, S. T., & Pease, P. L. (1999). Effect of yellow filters on pupil size. Optometry and vision science , 59-62.
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Kelly, S. A. (1990). Effect of yellow-tinted lenses on brightness. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A , 1905-1911.
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Kooi, F., & Alferdinck, J. (2004). Yellow lessens discomfort glare: physiological mechanism(s). Soesterburg, The
Netherlands: TNO Human Factors.
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Luque, M., Capilla, P., Diez, M., & Felipe, A. (2006). Effect of a yellow filter on brightness evaluated by assymetric
matching: measurements and predictions. J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. , 398-408.
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Luque, M., P, C., MA, D., & A, F. (2006). Effect of a yellow filter on brightness evaluated by assymetric matching:
measurements and predictions. J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt , 398-408.
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Sivak, J., & Bobier, W. (1978). Effect of a yellow ocular filter on chromatic aberration: the fish eye as an example.
Am J Optom Physiol Opt , 813-817.
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Sivak, M., Schoettle, B., Minoda, T., & Flannagan, M. J. (2005). Blue content of LED headlamps and discomfort glare
(UMTRI-2005-2). Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
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Stockman, A., & Sharpe, L. (2000). The spectral sensitivities of the middle- and long-wavelength-sensitive cones
derived from measurements in observers of known genotype. Vision Research , 1711-1737.
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Stockman, A., Sharpe, L., & Fach, C. (1999). The spectral sensitivity of the human short-wavelength sensitive cones
derived from thresholds and color matches. Vision Research , 2901-2927.
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Tanito, M., Sachiko, K., & Anderson, R. E. (2006). Protective effects of soft acrylic yellow filter against blue lightinduced retinal damage in rats. Experimental Eye Research , 1493-1504.
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Vos J.J. (2003). Reflections on glare. Lighting Res. Technol. 35 (2), 163-176.
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Wolffsohn, J. e. (2000). Contrast is enhanced by yellow lenses because of selective reduction of short-wavelength
light. Optometry and Vision Science , 73-81.
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Wright, W. (1949). Photometry and the Eye. London: Hatton Press.
Thank you!
Rods and cones
120 million rods
 6-7 million cones
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◦ "red" cones (64%),
◦ "green" cones (32%),
◦ "blue" cones (2%)
green and red cones are concentrated in the
fovea centralis
 blue cones have the highest sensitivity and are
mostly found outside the fovea
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Triplicity of Vision
Rod system
 S cone system
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◦ Earliest cone system
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R/G cone system
◦ Newest cone system
Young-Helmholtz
color theory
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Trichromatic
vision
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.diycalculator.com/imgs/cvision-how-works-01.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.diycalculator.com/spcvision.shtml&usg=__bcKsdqqMJq21AcPwXRe14cOmeE4=&h=356&w=505&sz=44&hl=en&start=16&sig2=G-xnigItpoeGkLmeS3uBQ&um=1&tbnid=ofx71CnhO3LJuM:&tbnh=92&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcolor%2Bvision%2Btrichromatic%26hl%3Den%26sa%
3DN%26um%3D1&ei=bCzVSbD9J5iQswP3pIGgCg
Hering Color Theory
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color opponency
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.webexhibits.org/colorart/i/Hering.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.webexhibits.org/col
orart/color.html&usg=__5TSvOfaF7kre5QsLnzXcGu0mRr4=&h=97&w=80&sz=3&hl=en&start=11&sig2=4lK2UCnnQPftLx5InDElz
w&um=1&tbnid=oP0ICqprkaoGM:&tbnh=81&tbnw=67&prev=/images%3Fq%3DHering%2Btheory%2Bcolor%2Bvision%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3
D1&ei=7C3VSbmrOqectAOPudyyCg
They are both right
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The difference?
◦ Y-H moves from physical stimulus to
perception
◦ Hering looks at color from the perceptual
side
Putting the 2 together
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It’s blue vs. red/green
Ganglion cells
Cones