Transcript SOFTBALL & THE VISUAL SYSTEM

Vision training for netball
Pierre Elmurr BAppSc (Orthoptics) DOBA MAppSc (ExerSportsSc)
Sports Vision Scientist
Primary Eye Care & NSW Institute of Sport
Relationship of vision & skilled movement
(Welford 1960 model
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Perceptual mechanism divided into the
“HARDWARE” & “SOFTWARE”
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Decision mechanism
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Effector mechanism
Perceptual Mechanism
(Starkes & Deakin 1984
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“HARDWARE” - the reception of visual
information; affected by the ocular
characteristics of the athletes visual system
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“SOFTWARE” - Perception of visual
information; influenced by strategies an
athlete develops & includes information
processing, use of advanced cues, ball flight
cues, gaze behavior and the use of
anticipatory skills
“Hardware examination”
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Identifies uncorrected refractive errors,
contrast sensitivity and Binocular
anomalies that could influence “software”
decision making
Netball Specifications
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Post height: 3.05m (2.4m modified netball)
Ring: 380mm internal diameter 15mm steel rod
No rules that govern colour only size and weight
VISION TRAINING
"Vision training for sport is the
application of specific exercises
conducted over a period of time that
leads to neural restructuring of cortex
and brainstem pathways allowing a
person to maximise efficiency while
performing visual perceptual tasks
leading to enhanced visual motor
performance”
ASSUMPTIONS
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Specificity of the vision training programs
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Skill level of the athlete
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No “hardware” eye problem
Visual-motor training
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Combining hardware & software
processing produces a motor response
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Eye-hand coordination
Eye-foot coordination
Coincidence anticipation
Peripheral awareness reaction time
Total reaction time
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Motor Skill
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Defined as skills in which physical movement is required to
accomplish a goal of a task.
Classified into 3 groups
1. Precision of the movement:
Gross (walking, jumping) vs fine motor skill (writing, drawing)
2. Defining beginning & end point of a skill :
Discrete (hitting a button on a keyboard vs continuous motor
skill (swimming, running)
3. Stability of the environment :
Closed (bowling) vs open motor skill (tennis rally)
Motor performance measures
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Response output: Measures time, error and
magnitude of a response
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Response production: Measures include EMG, EEG
measures describing limbs, joints, muscles & brain
activity during movement
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The most common measure of initiation of
movement is reaction time
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Response Time is the total time interval involving
both reaction time & movement time
Motor performance measures
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3 common types of RT:
Simple RT: Only one signal and one response
required (visual stimuli 180-200ms, auditory
140-160 ms)
Go/No- RT: Respond to one stimuli and not
respond to another stimuli
Choice RT: A distinct response for each possible
stimuli
Learning
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Perceptual learning – ability to improve on a
specific sensory/perceptual task with
practice
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Motor learning – process that improves
motor performance through practice
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Other forms of learning – visualization,
anticipation, visual attention, range of
cognitive strategies
Motor learning
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Motor learning – the changes associated with
practice or experience leading to improvements in
motor performance (observable production of a
motor skill)
SVT is the motor learning tool and improvements in
motor performance is a decrease in reaction time on
the SVT board and on field improvements in hand
speed
Level of motor performance is susceptible to
fluctuations in temporary factors such as motivation,
arousal, fatigue
The perfect netballer!
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Fast, extremely agile, have quick hands, can
jump high, fake pass, use a variety of moves
and shoot accurately. Ability at sticking tight
on their defender and putting extreme
pressure on the opposition down the court
Five important skills for netball
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Gaze control
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Peripheral awareness
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Visual search strategies
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Visual coordination
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Visual memory
Gaze control
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Gaze control is defined as the process
of directing gaze to objects within a
scene in real time.
A fixation occurs when the gaze is held
on an object or location within 3
degrees of the visual angle for 100
milliseconds or longer
What do athletes see?
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How gaze is controlled in sport falls into 2 methods
of research:
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Visual search: the eye movements of athletes are
recorded as they view videotapes, photographs,
computer simulations, or other simulated content
from their sport
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Vision-in-action: Uses the gaze of the participant
recorded while they perform in real world sport
settings
GOAL SHOOTING
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Get ready to shoot. Stand with the ball inside the shooting
'D'semi circle; align your body to the netball post. place your
feet shoulder width apart for balance
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Hold the netball with one hand supporting it with the other
hand
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Stretch your arms above your head
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Bend your knees and elbows, and as you straighten, release
the ball and push it upwards, and give some backspin to make
sure it goes in the net, not over it
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Keep practicing
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Focus on the ring, in particular the back of the ring
Gaze Control
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In gaze studies in sport, all gaze (fixations, pursuit
tracking, saccades, blinks) found in a task to a
location, one gaze has emerged called the “quiet
eye” as a significant contributing factor to higher
levels of sports performance (Vickers, 1996a)
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The Quiet eye is defined as a period of time when
the fixation is stable on spatial information critical
to effective and consistent motor performance
Gaze Control
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Hold your gaze on one spot on the hoop (front,
middle or back rim) for about 1.5 seconds
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Regardless of location (all three are effective), you
must fixate on one spot only
Gaze Control
Insulation from choking
Gaze control can help the athlete from choking under
pressure
• 2 theories of choking
• Too much self-focus causing normal automatic actions to
become too conscious & deliberate
• Too much external distraction causing athlete’s attention
to be diverted from the task
Directing energy to gaze control during pressure situations
insulates players from choking
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SHOOTING INFORMATION
Try to simulate a real netball match during your shooting
practice (4 times a week)
Tips
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Mix up the position where you’re shooting from - try not to
stand in the same spot and shoot 20 shots from the same spot
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Mix up the timing of the shot – practice faking the defender off
the shot
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Team up – whether it’s a shooter or mid-courter to help out.
Practice driving hard onto the ball, receiving the pass and
shooting the ball successfully in the ring. Incorporate shooter
moves such as rolls, dodges, double dodges and front cuts
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Practice shooting when you’re physically exhausted
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Leanne Hughes is a former international netballer who was written the Up and
In netball shooting
SHOOTING INFORMATION
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Shoot with at least 75% accuracy
Aim for at least 8 attempts per quarter
Variables to consider when looking at shooting stats, which
may effect the number of attempts you make each match:
There are two shooters in the circle, are you both sharing the
shooting role evenly?
The strength of the opposition , hence the low number of
attempts
The pace of the game - Is it a high scoring/low scoring match,
filled with turnovers?
You want BOTH quantity & quality: Shooting 24/36 goals is
MUCH better than shooting 12/12
Peripheral awareness
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There are physiological limitations to
human’s peripheral vision. binocular field is
made up of overlapping monocular fields
extending to about 200 degrees horizontally
and 130 degrees vertically
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Peripheral awareness training does not
make an athlete’s peripheral vision larger
but merely improves the awareness of the
surrounding environment
Peripheral awareness
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Offensive and defensive players use peripheral awareness
to track opponents, teammates, passing strategies and
developing plays
Colour recognition of jersey is critical when developing
drills
Peripheral awareness is used in:
Directional changes
Recognition & reaction
Peripheral awareness drill
Multi-coloured jerseys
Equipment: Netball
• Duration: 3 to 5 minutes
• Description:
1. Use an area ¼ size of the regular playing field
2. Divide players into 3 different groups of colours
3. Start with one netball
4. Players only pass to 1 colour & can only receive from 1
colour. Eg red passes to blue, blue passes to yellow and
yellow passes to red
5. Add 2nd & 3rd netball to the drill to increase difficultly
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Visual search strategies
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Elite athletes know where to look for the most important visual cues &
information
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Anticipation
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Experienced players fixated on peripheral aspects of the play (position
and movement of other players). Inexperienced players fixated on the
ball and player passing the ball
Increase in frequency of fixations an advantage for anticipating pass
destination during open play
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Visual coordination
Eye – foot coordination
Eye-hand coordination
Visual memory
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Skilled players can recall & recognize patterns of
play more effectively then less skilled players
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Expert players use their knowledge of situational
probabilities (expectation) to anticipate future events
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E.g online game www.tomsgames.com
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SUDOKU - Improves logical thinking skills, decisionmaking, and brain-processing speed
Decision making process of netball
players
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Exercises used to develop anticipation, imagination &
awareness in netball should always have 3 objectives in
mind:
1. To develop composure in possession with the ball
2. Anticipating situations ahead of time
3. To decrease the time needed to move the ball by having
total awareness of the positions of all players
Decision making process of netball players
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Coaches reinforcing these objectives can help players progress through the 8
step decision making process
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Step 1: Observing how & where the ball is coming from
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Step 2: Knowing where teammates are on the field
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Step 3: Knowing where the opposition are on the field
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Step 4: Deciding what to do with the ball
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Step 5: Knowing your options by observing where the ball is to be moved
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Step 6: Deciding when the ball goes
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Step 7: Deciding how the ball goes
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Step 8: Deciding why the ball goes (the tactical objective )
SUMMARY/TIPS
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“Hardware” examination if you feel its necessary
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Identify specific weaknesses, set preseason goals
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General & specific visual motor training twice a week on
field
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Off field training (SVT & online games)
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Specific training for GA GS
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Sportplan.com
THANK YOU!
[email protected]