Transcript CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1
Chemistry
What is Chemistry?
Natural Sciences
Biological Sciences
Physical Sciences
• Concerned with
living things
• Non-living things
• CHEMISTRY!!
Chemistry Study of composition, structure, and properties of
substances and the changes they undergo
What is Chemistry?
Chemistry
Study of the composition, structure, and
properties of matter and the changes it undergoes
Chemical
Any substance that has a specific composition
Examples – sucrose, carbon dioxide, water
Branches of Chemistry
Organic
Study of substances containing carbon
Inorganic
Study of substances that do not contain carbon
Physical
Study of interrelationships between energy and matter
Biochemistry
Study of processes that occur in living things
Analytical
Identification of substances and determination of the composition
Theoretical
Uses math and computers to explain and make predictions
Types of Research
Basic Research
Applied
Increasing knowledge
How? Why?
Solve a problem
Technological Development
Production and use of products that improve our
quality of life
Basic Building Blocks of
Matter
Atom
Element
A pure substance made up of only one kind of atom
Weight
Smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of
that element
Smallest “piece” of matter
Measure of the Earth’s gravitational pull for matter
Use a scale
Mass
Measure of the amount of matter in a substance
Use a balance
Basic Building Blocks of
Matter
Matter
Inertia
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Resistance to change in motion
Law of Conservation of Mass
Matter cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary
chemical reactions
Properties
Extensive property
Depends on the amount of matter
Volume, mass, shape, state
Intensive property
Does NOT depend on amount of matter
Density, melting point, boiling point
Properties
Physical property
Can be observed or measured without
altering identity of substance
Color, weight
Physical change
Any change that does NOT change identity
of substance
Melting, cutting wire
Properties
Change of state
Physical change from one state to another
States of matter
Solid
Liquid
Definite volume, indefinite shape; Not as closely packed
Rotational and Vibrational motion
Gas
Definite volume, definite shape; closely packed
Rotational motion of particles
Indefinite volume and shape; Widely spaced particles
Rotational, Vibrational and Translational motion
Plasma
High temperature state in which atoms lose electrons
http://public.lanl.gov/alp/plasma/ubiquitous.html
Properties
Chemical property
Ability of a substance to undergo a change that alters its
identity
Chemical change
A change in which new, different substance are formed (a
change to its identity)
Reactant
Substances that undergo a change
Product
Substances that are formed
Reactants Products
Evidence of a chemical change
Test products
Only way to have proof!
Gives of heat and/or light
Chemiluminescence – gives off light
Start video at 1:15
Exothermic Rxn – gives off heat
Endothermic Rxn – takes in heat
Production of a gas (bubbles)
Formation of a precipitate
Precipitate – a solid that separates from solution
Quiz
http://www.quia.com/quiz/303980.html
Demos
Hot/Cold Packs
Vinegar/Baking Soda
“Beverage” simulation
Chemiluminescence
Stop Light Reaction
Oscillating Color
Energy
Ability to cause change or ability to do work
Examples – chemical, electrical, mechanical,
sound, thermal, light, and more…
Classification
Kinetic
Energy of motion
Potential
Stored energy
Energy
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can be converted from one form to
another; cannot be created or destroyed
Law of Conservation of Mass (matter) and
Energy
Matter and energy cannot be created or
destroyed
Classification of Matter
Two types of matter
Mixture – blend of 2 or more kinds of matter; each keeps
own properties; can be separated physically
Heterogeneous – not uniform throughout
Homogeneous – uniform in composition; solution
Salt and pepper, pizza, granite
Salt water
Pure substance – same composition; cannot be separated
by physical means (you lose all original properties when
separating)
Element – cannot be decomposed by ordinary change
Au, Fe, Na
Compound – can be decomposed into 2 or more simpler
substances - chemically
H2O, sugar
Classification of Matter
(Text – Pg 15)
=SAME
THROUGHOUT
Matter
Law of Definite Composition
A chemical compound contains the same
elements in exactly the same proportion by mass
regardless of size
Elements
They are the building blocks of matter
They are organized on the Periodic Table
Group/Family
Vertical columns (1-18)
Elements very similar to each other in a family
Period
Horizontal rows (1-7)
Elements
Types of elements
Metals
Left side of Periodic Table
Good conductor or heat/electricity, luster, ductile, malleable
Nonmetals
Right side of table
Poor conductor
Noble Gases – group 18, non-reactive, very stable
Metalloids
Along step ladder
Semiconductors – Si, Ge
Elements
KNOW THE COMMON ELEMENT NAMES
AND SYMBOLS!!! THESE WILL NOT GO
AWAY. YOU ARE GOING TO NEED THEM
ALL YEAR LONG!!!
GROUP/FAMILY
NONMETALS
METALLOIDS
METALS
PERIOD