Transcript CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1
Chemistry
What is Chemistry?
Natural Sciences
Biological Sciences
Physical Sciences
• Concerned with
living things
• Non-living things
• CHEMISTRY!!
Chemistry Study of composition, structure, and properties of
substances and the changes they undergo
What is Chemistry?
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Chemistry
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Study of the composition, structure, and
properties of matter and the changes it undergoes
Chemical
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Any substance that has a specific composition
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Examples – sucrose, carbon dioxide, water
Branches of Chemistry
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Organic
 Study of substances containing carbon
Inorganic
 Study of substances that do not contain carbon
Physical
 Study of interrelationships between energy and matter
Biochemistry
 Study of processes that occur in living things
Analytical
 Identification of substances and determination of the composition
Theoretical
 Uses math and computers to explain and make predictions
Types of Research
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Basic Research
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Applied
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Increasing knowledge
How? Why?
Solve a problem
Technological Development
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Production and use of products that improve our
quality of life
Basic Building Blocks of
Matter
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Atom
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Element
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A pure substance made up of only one kind of atom
Weight
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Smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of
that element
Smallest “piece” of matter
Measure of the Earth’s gravitational pull for matter
Use a scale
Mass
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Measure of the amount of matter in a substance
Use a balance
Basic Building Blocks of
Matter
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Matter
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Inertia
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Anything that has mass and takes up space
Resistance to change in motion
Law of Conservation of Mass
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Matter cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary
chemical reactions
Properties
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Extensive property
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Depends on the amount of matter
Volume, mass, shape, state
Intensive property
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Does NOT depend on amount of matter
Density, melting point, boiling point
Properties
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Physical property
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Can be observed or measured without
altering identity of substance
Color, weight
Physical change
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Any change that does NOT change identity
of substance
Melting, cutting wire
Properties
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Change of state
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Physical change from one state to another
States of matter
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Solid
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Liquid
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Definite volume, indefinite shape; Not as closely packed
Rotational and Vibrational motion
Gas
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Definite volume, definite shape; closely packed
Rotational motion of particles
Indefinite volume and shape; Widely spaced particles
Rotational, Vibrational and Translational motion
Plasma
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High temperature state in which atoms lose electrons
http://public.lanl.gov/alp/plasma/ubiquitous.html
Properties
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Chemical property
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Ability of a substance to undergo a change that alters its
identity
Chemical change
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A change in which new, different substance are formed (a
change to its identity)
Reactant
 Substances that undergo a change
Product
 Substances that are formed
Reactants  Products
Evidence of a chemical change
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Test products
 Only way to have proof!
Gives of heat and/or light
 Chemiluminescence – gives off light
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Start video at 1:15
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Exothermic Rxn – gives off heat
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Endothermic Rxn – takes in heat
Production of a gas (bubbles)
Formation of a precipitate
 Precipitate – a solid that separates from solution
Quiz
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http://www.quia.com/quiz/303980.html
Demos
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Hot/Cold Packs
Vinegar/Baking Soda
“Beverage” simulation
Chemiluminescence
Stop Light Reaction
Oscillating Color
Energy
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Ability to cause change or ability to do work
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Examples – chemical, electrical, mechanical,
sound, thermal, light, and more…
Classification
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Kinetic
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Energy of motion
Potential
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Stored energy
Energy
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Law of Conservation of Energy
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Energy can be converted from one form to
another; cannot be created or destroyed
Law of Conservation of Mass (matter) and
Energy
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Matter and energy cannot be created or
destroyed
Classification of Matter
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Two types of matter
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Mixture – blend of 2 or more kinds of matter; each keeps
own properties; can be separated physically
 Heterogeneous – not uniform throughout
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Homogeneous – uniform in composition; solution
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Salt and pepper, pizza, granite
Salt water
Pure substance – same composition; cannot be separated
by physical means (you lose all original properties when
separating)
 Element – cannot be decomposed by ordinary change
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Au, Fe, Na
Compound – can be decomposed into 2 or more simpler
substances - chemically
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H2O, sugar
Classification of Matter
(Text – Pg 15)
=SAME
THROUGHOUT
Matter
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Law of Definite Composition
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A chemical compound contains the same
elements in exactly the same proportion by mass
regardless of size
Elements
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They are the building blocks of matter
They are organized on the Periodic Table
Group/Family
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Vertical columns (1-18)
Elements very similar to each other in a family
Period
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Horizontal rows (1-7)
Elements
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Types of elements
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Metals
 Left side of Periodic Table
 Good conductor or heat/electricity, luster, ductile, malleable
Nonmetals
 Right side of table
 Poor conductor
 Noble Gases – group 18, non-reactive, very stable
Metalloids
 Along step ladder
 Semiconductors – Si, Ge
Elements
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KNOW THE COMMON ELEMENT NAMES
AND SYMBOLS!!! THESE WILL NOT GO
AWAY. YOU ARE GOING TO NEED THEM
ALL YEAR LONG!!!
GROUP/FAMILY
NONMETALS
METALLOIDS
METALS
PERIOD