Transcript Powerpoint Study Flashcards - Shannon Deets Counseling LLC

Chapter 3
Powerpoint Questions
Q1
Transduction
A1
• The process of converting outside stimuli,
such as light, into neural activity.
Q2
• Frequency
A2
• Number of complete waves, or cycles, that
pass a given point per unit of time
Q3
• Three properties of sound waves
A3
• Wavelength, amplitude, purity
Q4
• Photons
A4
• Tiny particle packets of waves
Q5
• Synesthesia
A5
• Disorder in which the signals from the various
sensory organs are processed in the wrong
cortical areas, resulting in the sense
information being interpreted as more than
one sensation.
Q6
• Sound
A6
• Vibrations of the air molecules around us
Q7
• Who first proposed that light is actually tiny
packets of waves
A7
• Albert Einstein
Q8
• Three psychological principles of light
A8
• Brightness; color; saturation
Q9
• Somatic pain
A9
• Detected by receptors in the skin, muscles,
tendons, and joints
Q10
• Subliminal perception and advertising
A10
• We do perceive sensory information
subliminally but it does not influence our
voluntary actions such as purchasing objects
Q11
• Saccadic movement
A11
• The small movements made by the eyes that
are generally not consciously noticed by
individuals but that keep us from becoming
adapted to visual sensory input
Q12
• Sensation
A12
• The process that occurs when special
receptors in the sense organs are activated,
allowing various forms of outside stimuli to
become neural signals in the brain.
Q13
• Opponent-process theory
A13
• Theory of color vision that proposes visual
neurons are stimulated by light of one color
and inhibited by light of another color
Q14
• Somatic pain is a signal of
A14
• The body being damaged or about to be
damaged
Q15
• The location to which the thalamus sends
sensory information.
A15
• Cerebral cortex
Q16
• Rods
A16
• Visual sensory receptors found at the back of
the retina, responsible for non-color
sensitivity to low levels of light
Q17
• Skin senses
A17
• The sensation of touch, pressure,
temperature, and pain.
Q18
• Visceral pain
A18
• Pain detected by receptors in the organs
Q19
• Cones
A19
• Visual sensory receptors found at the back of
the retina, responsible for color vision and
sharpness of vision
Q20
• Hearing damage caused by a damaged
eardrum or damage to the bones of the
middle ear
A20
• Conduction hearing impairment
Q21
• Sensory adaptation
A21
• Tendency of sensory receptor cells to become
less responsive to a stimulus that is
unchanging
Q22
• Color blindness
A22
• Vision that is color deficient due to having
either no cones or cones that do not work
properly
Q23
• The pathway that visual information takes to
the occipital lobe
A23
• Lateral geniculate nucleus
Q24
• Key point to remember about habituation
A24
• In habituation the sensory receptors are still
responding to stimulation but the lower
centers of the brain (cerebellum) are not
sending the signals from those receptors to
the cortex.
Q25
• Light sensitive area at the back of the eye
containing three layers including the ganglion
cells, bipolar cells, and photoreceptors
A25
• retina
Q26
• Just noticeable difference
A26
• The smallest difference between two stimuli
that is detectable 50 percent of the time.
Q27
• Small hole in the Iris
A27
• Pupil
Q28
• Neurotransmitter that gives umami it’s brothy
tastes
A28
• Glutamate
Q29
• The image on the pupil is focused and
manipulated by this
A29
• The Iris
Q30
• the change in the thickness of the lens as the
eye focuses on objects that are far away
A30
• Visual accommodation
Q31
• The area of the retina that contains the
greatest density of photoreceptors
A31
• fovea
Q32
• A clear structure behind the Iris that is
suspended by muscles and changes shape to
bring objects into focus
A32
• Lens
Q33
• Kinesthetic sense
A33
• Sense of the location of body parts in relation
to the ground and each other
Q34
• Depth perception
A34
• The ability to perceive the world in three
dimensions
Q35
• Monocular cues
A35
• Cues for perceiving depth based on one eye
only
Q36
• Contiguity
A36
• The tendency to perceive two things that
happen close together in time as being related
Q37
• Brightness
A37
• Determined by amplitude of the wave
Q38
• Afterimages
A38
• Images that occur when a visual sensation
persists for a brief time even after the original
stimulus is removed
Q39
• Continuity
A39
• The tendency to perceive things as simply as
possible with a continuous pattern rather than
with a complex broken-up pattern
Q40
• Color (hue)
A40
• Determined by length of wave
Q41
• Trichromatic theory
A41
• Theory of color vision that proposes three
types of cones: red, blue, and green
Q42
• Sense
A42
• A system that translates outside information
into activity in the nervous system.
Q43
• What color do you get when you combine
blue, red, and green light
A43
• White light
Q44
• Pacinian corpuscles
A44
• Skin receptors that respond to pressure
Q45
• Sensory receptors
A45
• Specialized forms of neurons stimulated by
kinds of energy such as light or vibration
instead of being stimulated by
neurotransmitters
Q46
• Closure
A46
• The tendency to complete figures that are
incomplete
Q47
• Perception
A47
• The method by which the sensations
experienced at any given moment are
interpreted and organized in some meaningful
fashion.
Q48
• Wavelength
A48
• The distance between peaks in a wave of light
or sound
Q49
• The round muscle of the eye
A49
• Iris
Q50
• Absolute threshold
A50
• The lowest level of stimulation that a person
can consciously detect 50 percent of the time
the stimulation is present.
Q51
• Similarity
A51
• The tendency to perceive things that look
similar to each other as being part of the same
group
Q52
• What is the visible spectrum
A52
• The narrow band of light between 400nm and
700nm that is visible to the human eye
Q53
• Five basic tastes
A53
• Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
Q54
• Proximity
A54
• The tendency to perceive objects that are
close to each other as part of the same
grouping
Q55
• Saturation
A55
• The purity of the color people perceive with
light. Light with only one wavelength would
be highly saturated in that specific color
Q56
• Translating the physical properties of a
stimulus into neural activity
A56
• Coding
Q57
• Dark adaptation
A57
• The recovery of the eye’s sensitivity to visual
stimuli in darkness after exposure to bright
lights
Q58
• Location in the brain to which sensory nerves
(except olfaction) transfer coded activity
A58
• Thalamus
Q59
• What kind of stimuli is often perceived of
subliminally
A59
• Stimuli that produces fear
Q60
• A hearing impairment where the problem lies
in the inner ear or the auditory pathways and
cortical areas of the brain
A60
• Nerve hearing impairment
Q61
• Reversible figures
A61
• Visual illusions in which the figure and ground
can be reversed
Q62
• Linear perspective
A62
• The tendency for parallel lines to appear to
converge on each other
Q63
• Binocular cues
A63
• Cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes
Q64
• A type of interneuron that has a single
dendrite at one end and a single axon at the
other
A64
• Bipolar cell
Q65
• Overlap
A65
• The assumption that an object appears to be
blocking part of another object is in front of
the second object and closer to the viewer
Q66
• Figure-ground
A66
• The tendency to perceive objects, or figures,
as existing on a background
Q67
• Brightness constancy
A67
• The tendency to perceive the apparent
brightness of an object as the same even
when the light conditions change
Q68
• Taste buds line the walls of the
A68
• Papillae
Q69
• The two sources of light are
A69
• 1) Directly from the source, 2) indirectly as
reflected off of a surface
Q70
• Optic chiasm
A70
• The crossover point of the visual information
from the eyes to the brain
Q71
• Somesthetic senses
A71
• The body senses consisting of the skin senses,
the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular
senses
Q72
• Light adaptation
A72
• The recovery of the eye’s sensitivity to visual
stimuli in light after exposure to darkness
Q73
• Shape constancy
A73
• The tendency to interpret the shape of an
object as being constant, even when its shape
changes on the retina
Q74
• The axons of the retinal ganglion
A74
• Optic nerve
Q75
• The second step in sensory systems
A75
• Further modification of the incoming stimulus
through transduction
Q76
• Light from the left visual field falls on the right
side of each retina and goes directly to the
A76
• Right visual cortex
Q77
• Auditory canal
A77
• Short tunnel that runs from the pinna to the
eardrum
Q78
• Light from the right visual filed falls on the left
side of each retinal and goes directly to the
A78
• Left visual cortex
Q79
• Where in the brain is fear based stimuli
perceived
A79
• Amygdala
Q80
• Light from the right visual field falls on the ( )
side of each retina
A80
• Left
Q81
• Bumps on the tongue
A81
• Papillae
Q82
• Blind spot
A82
• Area in the retina where the axons of three
layers of retinal cells exit the eye to form the
optic nerve, insensitive to light
Q83
• Subliminal perception
A83
• Perception of stimuli that are below the level
of conscious awareness
Q84
• The first step in sensory systems
A84
• Modification of the incoming stimulus by
accessory structures
Q85
• Vestibular sense
A85
• The sensations of movement, balance, and
body position
Q86
• Pinna
A86
• The visible part of the ear
Q87
• Aqueous Humor
A87
• Fluid filled layer behind the cornea that
supplies nourishment to the eye
Q88
• Light from the left visual field falls on the ( )
side of each retina
A88
• Right
Q89
• Provides the color to the eye
A89
• Iris
Q90
• Came up with the law of just noticeable
differences
A90
• Ernest Weber
Q91
• Cornea
A91
• A clear membrane that covers the eye. It
serves to protect the eye and bends light
waves so the image can be focused on the
retina.
Q92
• Expanded on Ernest Weber’s work by studying
absolute threshold
A92
• Gustav Fechner
Q93
• What area of the brain is responsible for
filtering out constant stimuli during
habituation
A93
• Cerebellum
Q94
• The “triage nurse” of the brain
A94
• Thalamus
Q95
• Why is the thalamus called the “triage nurse”
A95
• It does some processing of sensory
information before sending the information to
the cerebral cortex
Q96
• Iris
A96
• Round muscle of the eye
Q97
• Area of the brain that is the site of perception
and sensation.
A97
• Cerebral cortex
Q98
• Procedure used to remove small portions of
the cornea in order to change the curvature of
the membrane and thereby improve focus
A98
• LASIK
Q99
• Habituation
A99
• The tendency of the brain to stop attending to
constant, unchanging information
Q100
• Amplitude
A100
• The distance between the peak and the
baseline of a wave
Q101
• Taste buds
A101
• Common name for taste receptor cells
Q102
• Congenital analgesia
A102
• Pain conditions where individuals cannot feel
pain
Q103
• Size constancy
A103
• The tendency to interpret an object as always
being the same actual size, regardless of
distance
Q104
• Aerial perspective
A104
• The haziness that surrounds objects that are
farther away from the viewer, causing the
distance to be perceived as greater.
Q105
• Texture gradient
A105
• The tendency for textured surfaces to appear
to become smaller and finer as distance from
the viewer increases
Q106
• Perception
A106
• The methods by which the sensations
experienced at any given moment are
interpreted and organized in some meaningful
fashion
Q107
• Pitch
A107
• Psychological experience of sound that
corresponds to the frequency of sound waves;
higher frequencies are perceived as higher
pitches
Q108
• Limits of the human auditory spectrum
A108
• 20Hz and 20,000 Hz
Q109
• Cochlea
A109
• Snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that is
filled with fluid
Q110
• Wavelengths in sound are
A110
• Frequency or pitch
Q111
• Basilar membrane
A111
• Membrane that runs down the middle of the
cochlea
Q112
• Olfactory bulbs
A112
• Areas of the brain located just above the sinus
cavity and just below the frontal lobes that
receive information from the olfactory
receptor cells
Q113
• Organ of corti
A113
• The receptor cells for the sense of hearing
found on the basilar membrane
Q114
• Membrane of the inner ear
A114
• Oval window
Q115
• Place theory
A115
• Theory of pitch that states that different
pitches are experienced by the stimulation of
hair cells in different locations on the organ of
Corti
Q116
• Olfaction
A116
• The sensation of smell
Q117
• Sensory conflict theory
A117
• An explanation of motion sickness in which
the information from the eyes conflicts with
the information from the vestibular senses,
resulting in dizziness, nausea and other
physical discomfort.
Q118
• Three bones of the middle ear
A118
• Hammer (malleus), anvil (incus), stirrup
(stapes)
Q119
• Volley principle
A119
• Theory of pitch that states that frequencies
from about 400 Hz to 4000Hz cause the hair
cells (auditory neurons) to fire in a volley
pattern, or take turns in firing
Q120
• Gustation
A120
• The sensation of taste
Q121
• Amplitude in sound is
A121
• volume
Q122
• Auditory nerve
A122
• Bundle of axons from the hair cells in the
inner ear
Q123
• Frequency theory
A123
• Theory of pitch that states that pitch is related
to the speed of vibrations in the basilar
membrane
Q124
• Purity of sound is
A124
• Timbre or richness of tone
Q125
• Hertz (hz)
A125
• Cycles or waves per second, a measurement
of frequency
Q126
• Supertasters
A126
• People with greater than average numbers of
taste buds
Q127
• Relative size
A127
• Perception that occurs when objects that a
person expects to be of a certain size appear
to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be
much farther away
Q128
• Semicircular canals
A128
• Three somewhat circular tubes that
coordinate with a specific plane of body
movement
Q129
• Motion parallax
A129
• The perception of motion of objects in which
close objects appear to move more quickly
than objects that are farther away
Q130
• Accommodation
A130
• As a monocular cue, the brain’s use of
information about the changing thickness of
the lens of the eye in response to looking at
objects that are close or far away.
Q131
• Convergence
A131
• The rotation of the two eyes in their sockets to
focus on a single object, resulting in greater
convergence for closer objects and lesser
convergence if objects are distant.
Q132
• Otolith organs
A132
• Tiny sacs of gelatin fluid and tiny crystals
found just above the cochlea that help to tell a
person the location of their head in
relationship to their body and movement
Q133
• Binocular disparity
A133
• The difference in images between the two
eyes, which is greater for objects that are
close and smaller for distant objects
Q134
• Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis
A134
• Disorder where individuals do not feel pain
and also cannot sweat
Q135
• The two chemical senses
A135
• Gustation and olfaction
Q136
• Treatment for conduction hearing
impairments
A136
• Hearing aids
Q137
• A hearing impairment where sound vibrations
cannot be passed from the eardrum to the
cochlea
A137
• Conduction hearing impairment
Q138
• Perceptual set
A138
• The tendency to perceive things a certain way
because of previous experiences or
expectations influence those perceptions
Q139
• Decreases pain
A139
• Laughter, distraction, sense of control,
competing signals from other senses
Q140
• Top-down processing
A140
• The use of preexisting knowledge to organize
individual features into a unified whole
Q141
• Food preference is impacted by
A141
• Individual, cultural, genetic influences, weight.
Q142
• Increase pain
A142
• Anxiety, fear, helplessness
Q143
• Bottom-up processing
A143
• The analysis of the smaller features to build up
to a complete perception
Q144
• Synesthesia
A144
• Disorder in which the signals from various
sensory organs are processed in the wrong
cortical areas, resulting in the sense
information being interpreted as more than
one sensation
Q145
• Gate-control theory
A145
• Theory of pain where a chemical substance for
pain is released into the spinal cord and
passes through a gate on the way to the brain.
The brain then sends a reverse message either
further opening the gate or closing the gate.
Q146
• Phantom limb
A146
• Condition where a person can still feel pain in
a limb that has been amputated
Q147
• Hearing damage caused by exposure to loud
noises
A147
• Nerve hearing impairment
Q148
• True/false taste sensations are processed all
over the tongue
A148
• True
Q149
• Treatment for nerve hearing impairment
A149
• Cochlear implants
Q150
• Two types of hearing impairments
A150
• Conduction hearing impairment and nerve
hearing impairment