Transcript Low Incidence

Low Incidence Disabilities
Prevalence
• Very low incidence disabilities include those with
prevalence rates between 1/10th and ½ of a percent
• Three very low incidence categories include:
– Multiple disabilities
– Deaf-Blindness
– Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Categories
Prevalence
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
(DB)
(TBI)
(DEAF)
(VI)
(MD)
(HH)
(OI)
(ED)
(AUT)
(OHI)
(MR)
(SLI)
(SLD)
Multiple-Severe Disabilities
• People with multiple disabilities will likely
require on-going and intensive support
throughout their lives
• They generally require the support of many
specialists
• The emphasis for these students is on
developing skills that promote independence
Multiple-Severe Etiology
• Like other disabilities, multiple factors are
responsible
– Heredity
– Before, during, and after birth problems
– Low birth weight
– Unknown factors
Multiple-Severe Characteristics
• Students may have trouble:
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Generalizing information
Communicating
With memory
Participating in the community without supports
• Students may have medical problems such as:
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Seizure disorders
Vision or hearing impairments
Heart disease
Cerebral Palsy
Deaf-Blindness
• To be included in this category, students must have a
combined vision and hearing deficit
– Have visual acuity of 20/70 or worse in the better eye
– An auditory deficit of 30 dB in the better ear
• Deaf-blindness is NOT absolute -- many Deaf-blind individuals
can:
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Move around independently
Read enlarged print
Recognize faces
Read sign language
Understand some sounds / recognize familiar voices
Deaf-Blindness Etiology
• Pre-mature birth
• Heredity
• Associated with risk factors including poverty
and access to health care
Deaf-Blindness Characteristics
• Students have restricted vision and hearing, but the
degree is not uniform; each individual is impacted
differently
• Around 60% of these students have other disabilities
besides their visual and hearing impairments
– most commonly cognitive disabilities
• Common problem areas include:
– Feelings of isolation
– Communication
– Mobility
TBI - breakouts
• Find TBI in IDEA (you have been there before),
and read it. Prepare a 2 sentence summary for
you notes.
Traumatic Brain Injury
• IDEA writes,
– “...an acquired injury to the brain caused by an external
physical force, resulting in total or partial functional
disability or psychosocial impairment, or both, that
adversely affects a child’s educational performance. The
term applies to open or closed head injuries resulting in
impairments in one or more areas, such as cognition;
language; memory; attention; reasoning; abstract thinking;
judgment; problem-solving; sensory, perceptual, and
motor abilities; psycho-social behavior; physical functions;
information processing; and speech. The term does not
apply to brain injuries that are congenital or degenerative,
or to brain injuries induced by birth trauma.”
Traumatic Brain Injury
• Todd writes, TBI is
– an acquired injury to the brain, ranging from mild to severe,
– adversely affecting educational performance, and
– does not include brain injuries at birth.
Traumatic Brain Injury
• The 1990 authorization of IDEA made TBI a
separate category
– prior they were served under the Learning
Disabilities category
• Medical advances since 1960s are saving more
children who might not have survived
Prevalence
• Males are about 1.5 times as likely as females to
sustain a TBI – why?
Prevalence
• Males are about 1.5 times as likely as females to
sustain a TBI – why?
• The two age groups at highest risk for TBI are
– 0 to 4 year olds, and
– 15 to 19 year olds
Prevalence
• Males are about 1.5 times as likely as females to
sustain a TBI – why?
• The two age groups at highest risk for TBI are
– 0 to 4 year olds, and
– 15 to 19 year olds
• African Americans have the highest death rate from TBI
• One million children annually experience head injury –
(but only 15,000 to 16,000 have lasting effects)
• It is estimated that every teacher will come in contact
with at least one student with TBI
Question: Cause
• What is the leading cause of TBI?
TBI Etiology
• The leading causes of TBI are (BIAA, 2007):
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Falls (28%) (think bike/skateboards, playground etc);
Car crashes (20%);
Hit by something (19%); and
Assaults (11%)
• Also caused by child abuse (for children under 2)
TBI Characteristics
• Students with TBI often experience:
– Reduced stamina
– Seizures
– Headaches
– Hearing loss
– Vision problems
– remember: More often does not result in longterm disability
TBI Instruction
• Students with TBI have difficulty with
multistep tasks
• They need:
– Consistent schedule and routine
– Reduced distractions
– Shortened assignments
– Lots of opportunities for practice of new skills
• (notice the similarity between TBI and
learning disability / ADHD)
Assessment
• IDEA and No Child Left Behind laws require that students with
disabilities be part of statewide testing.
• Most students with these severe disabilities (multipledisabilities, Deaf-blind, severe TBI) will participate in
alternative assessments
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Portfolio
Alternate assessment aligned to alternate standards *
Modified administration (construct irrelevant)
Accommodated administration (construct relevant)
Alternate Assessments
• Text indicates 1% - but no!
– A maximum of 2% of all students are eligible to be
administered alternate assessments
– Depends on technical adequacy documentation
(reliability and validity evidence)
– Alternate assessments must still be aligned with the
state's standards
• The IEP of a student who takes an alternate
assessment must include a statement of why the
child cannot participate in the regular
assessment.
Assignment
• Watch the video (linked on our class website)
• In 2-3 sentences…
– How is the soldier’s experience similar to a
student’s?
– Why are mTBI and PTSD coupled together in this
video?
– (note: video is about 20 minutes long, but the first
15mins are the most important)