Transcript History of Sign Language

ICES – Session 1
1
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Inclusion Communication
Education Support
Rubbena Aurangzeb-Tariq
Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634
© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
About Deafax
• Founded in 1985
• Worked with over 30,000 deaf people
• Honorary President – Vint Cerf (Founder of
the internet)
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
Our Mission
Empowering Deaf people through Technology
4
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ICES – Session 1
What does Deafax do??
•
Creates resources
e.g. software, materials, etc
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ICES – Session 1
What does Deafax do??
•
Creates training packages
a workshop/ training course is developed
based on the learning needs
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
What does Deafax do??
•
Delivers workshops/training
… to schools, colleges, companies, etc
7
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ICES – Session 1
About me
Rubbena Aurangzeb-Tariq
8
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Session 1
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ICES – Session 1
History of Sign Language
&
British Sign Language Today
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ICES – Session 1
Group Work
How old is sign language?
How were deaf children learning in education ?
What BSL means today for Deaf people?
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ICES – Session 1
Sign Language
• Rich Expressive Language
- uses position and movement of
hands, face and body
• Full Grammar
- based on space and timing
• Creative and Adaptable Vocabulary
• Long Cultural and Artistic Heritage
- signed stories and poems
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ICES – Session 1
Development of Sign Language
• 1st recorded evidence of use in 16th century
• Developed into the British Sign Language
(BSL)
• Estimated 70,000 BSL users in the UK
• BSL recognised as the 4th national language
in Britain by UK Government on 18th March
2003
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
Sign Language Myths!
• There is a universal Sign Language!
False
- Each country has its own sign
language with strong regional
dialects
- But they have more in common
than spoken languages
Cont...
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ICES – Session 1
• It’s just gestures or a lot of hand waving!
False
- They have unique vocabulary and
grammar
• Sign languages are fixed
False
- Living languages, new signs are added
as necessary
- Generational differences are very strong
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ICES – Session 1
Deaf Clubs
Traditionally provided a focus for
cultural life of Deaf people
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ICES – Session 1
BSL Today
• Deaf people who use BSL think of
themselves in a distinct community
• Deaf community has it own rules of
polite behaviour, social behaviour
and communication behaviour
• Sign Language influences deaf
culture
• These all depend on visual signals
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
Deafness – The Stats
• What
90% ofisdeaf
children areofborn
hearinginparents
the percentage
deaftochildren
hearingand
siblings
families?
What19%
is the
of parents
• Only
ofpercentage
these parents
learn towho
sign can sign?
- 1st or home language often not BSL
- Many start school without a full language
Whatofisdeaf
the average
ageschool
of deaf
16yr
olds?
• 66%
16 year reading
olds leave
with
a reading
age of 8/9 yrs. (1992)
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
Signing
• Mix of hand shapes and non-manual
features
• Signing space - location of signs within
space
• Order of signs can change the meaning
• Speed of signing is slower than speech
- means possible to interpret between
spoken and signed without loss of
meaning
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Deaf Education
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ICES – Session 1
Milan Congress 1880
• Educators:
- rejected sign language preferring oral methods
- recommended children should be …
‘taught to speak and lip-read on pure oral
system’
• Results:
- Focus was on development of speech skills
- Sign languages banned in schools
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- Loss in educational development of deaf people
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ICES – Session 1
Effect on Deaf Community
• Negative experience of
education
• BSL was not used in schools
• Deaf people lived with no
access to their preferred
language
• Many did not fulfil their
educational potential
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ICES – Session 1
20th Century Deaf Education
THEN:
• Majority of Deaf educated in Residential
Schools
- Young children often sent aged 5
NOW:
• Only 25 deaf schools left
• Integration and ‘Units for hearing impaired
children’ (Influenced by Warnock Report 1978)
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
Different Learning Environments
Incidental Learning
Hearing Children learn a lot from what they
hear directly or indirectly
e.g. people talking, radio & television, etc
Deaf children miss out on all this learning!
- making it difficult to communicate with
others
- slowing down or even preventing learning
- need extra support to help them to learn
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
Developing Languages
• Children who acquire a loss of hearing after
they have learnt to talk still need support to
continue learning, to preserve their speech
• Children who are born deaf, or lose their
hearing before spoken language develops,
benefit from learning sign language
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
Education
“Deaf people can do anything that hearing
people can do, except hear”
• A good and suitable education means deaf
children are every bit as capable as hearing
children
• They have the same range of ability
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SIGN SYSTEMS
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Brainstorming Time!
Different types of Sign Systems
What Are they?
Discuss
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
Sign Systems
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Paget-Gorman
Makaton
Finger-spelling
Sign Supported English (SSE)
Signed English (SE)
Cued Speech
British Sign Language (BSL)
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
Paget-Gorman (1930s)
• Used to support learning difficulties or specific
language difficulties
• Invented Signs mimicking objects or actions
• Words match Signs (but not BSL signs)
• Sign can have ending added for English tenses
e.g. -ing or –ed
• Grammatical teaching tool
• Not a language
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
Makaton (1970s)
• Designed for people with learning or
communication difficulties
• Different versions used in over 40 countries
• Language Programme uses iconic symbols,
speech and signs
• Has basic simple core vocabulary – developed
by user
• Uses signs from own native sign language but
not the grammar
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• A communication tool, but not a language
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
Sign Supported English (SSE)
• Spoken sentences with signed keywords
• Uses BSL signs but some words remain
spoken only
• Similar to Signed English
• Not an independent language
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
Signed English (SE)
• Each word in the sentence is signed
• BUT follows the grammatical structure of
English which means it can be signed and
spoken together
• Similar vocabulary to BSL but includes:
‘a’, ‘the’ ‘or’ ‘and’…. which are not in BSL
• Not an independent language
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
Cued Speech
• Sound-based system
• Uses eight hand shapes in four different
positions (cues)
• Combination of natural lip-patterns with
speech, to make all the sounds of spoken
language
• Not an independent language
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
Finger-spelling
• Originally designed as a hearing
code
• Now part of BSL used as manual
representation of English alphabet
• Used to spell words – names, places
etc
• British finger-spelling is two-handed
• American is one-handed
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
British Sign Language (2003)
• Formally recognised as 4th National language
by the Government
• Uses both hands and the face
• Face provides important information about
signs
• Without facial expressions language may be
incomplete and unrecognised
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
Basic Composition of BSL
• BSL Dictionary (Brennan) suggested
there are three types of signs:
•
Manual – different hand-shapes
•
Non-Manual – facial and body
movement
•
Multi-Channel – Combination of the
two
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
Using BSL
• Movement
• Signing Space
• Facial & Body Expressions
• Placement
• Eye Contact
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Hearing
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ICES – Session 1
Ear diagram
• Middle
This airtransmit
Vibrations
Bones
Sound
waves
signals
ear
space
of
space
the
hit
connects
are
the
the
eardrum
behind
sent
vibrations
eardrum
from
tothe
the
pass
the
eardrum
to
back
on
cochlea
the
to
ofcochlea
tiny
the
is tobone
nose
the
in
in the
the
ear
normally
by
the
nerve
inner
middle
Eustachian
filled
ear
andear
to
with
the
tube
air
brain
Brain
Sound
waves
air
40
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ICES – Session 1
Audiogram
43
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ICES – Session 1
Hearing Aids
Can you name any types of hearing aids?
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ICES – Session 1
Analogue & Digital
• Different way of collecting sound
• Analogue – picks up ALL sounds via microphone
• Digital – picks up SELECTED sounds & amplifies them
THEN both
• Change sound into electrical signals
• Signals are then changed / processed by the
hardware (transistors)
• Converted back into sound
• Sent out through earmould
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
Hearing Aids - Types
• Completely-in-the-Canal (CIC)
• In-the-Canal (ITC)
• In-the-Ear (ITE)
• Behind-the-Ear (BTE)
• Cochlear Implants
• Radio Aids
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
Completely-in-the-Canal (CIC)
• Designed to fit deep into
the ear canal where they
cannot be seen
• Suits mild to moderate
hearing loss
• Does not suit severe
hearing loss or narrow
ear canals
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
In-the-Canal (ITC)
• Custom-made to fit the
ear
• Suits mild to moderate
hearing loss
• Does not suit severe
hearing loss
48
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
In-the-Ear (ITE)
• Full shell and fills the
outer ear, nothing behind
the ear
• Suits mild to moderatelysevere hearing loss
• Does not suit severe
hearing loss
49
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
Behind-the-Ear (BTE)
• Aids sit behind the ear, with
earmould in the ear
• Lightweight and a variety of
sizes
• Suits wide range of hearing
loss - from mild to profound
• Has selection of directional
microphones
• Mini BTE available
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ICES – Session 1
Cochlear Implants
• Electrode receiver is surgically implanted into the
cochlear
• Deaf person wears a microphone (like a hearing
aid) and a transmitter which is attached by a
magnet to the outside of the head
• Converts incoming sound from
microphone into electronic signals
• Transmitter sends signal to
receiver in the cochlear
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© Deafax, 2010
ICES – Session 1
Radio Aids
• Teacher wears microphone and transmitter
• Receiver connected to the hearing aid and
worn by deaf individual
• Reduces background noise as sound goes
directly into hearing aid
• Wear at home or school
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Know Your ABC …
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Questions
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ICES – Session 1
55
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