Transcript Lecture 1
MARE 171 Marine Biology: Diversity Dr. Turner Fall 2014 Science and Marine Biology Ocean and Marine Organisms - Ocean covers over 70% of the earth - Affects global weather patterns - Provides food and vital resources Science and Marine Biology Productivity – the amount of food produced by marine organisms and the number of organisms the ocean can support Leading area of research in marine ecology Over 80 million metric tons of marine fish and shellfish harvested annually Science and Marine Biology Study of the Sea Oceanography: the study of the oceans and their phenomena Marine Biology: the study of organisms and their reactions with each other and their environment Science and Marine Biology Marine Biology Oceano graphy Marine Science Science and Marine Biology Knowledge of Marine Biology: - Helps us understand how marine organisms relate to us - Helps us understand how human activities affect the marine environment - Helps conscientious citizens make prudent decisions that involve the sea Science and Marine Biology History of Changing Perspectives - science has advanced over the years as new technologies have been developed - Initial studies of marine organisms can be traced back to the ancient Greeks and Romans Science and Marine Biology History of Changing Perspectives - Aristotle – first to develop scheme of classification; “Ladder of life” - Pliny the Elder – Roman naturalist; works in Natural History Science and Marine Biology History of Changing Perspectives - modern sciences of oceanography and marine biology continued in 18th and 19th century: Jean-Baptiste Lemark, Georges Cuvier, Charles Darwin Science and Marine Biology History of Changing Perspectives - HMS Beagle 1831 – Charles Darwin; observations of atolls - 1859 – On the Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection Science and Marine Biology History of Changing Perspectives - modern sciences of oceanography and marine biology originated with the Challenger expedition in the 19th century - 1876 – 4,700 new species collected - Plankton – term for organisms that drift in ocean current, coined in 1887 Science and Marine Biology History of Changing Perspectives - First marine laboratory in US was founded by Louis Agassiz in 1873; purpose of helping teachers improve their teaching methods Science and Marine Biology History of Changing Perspectives - In early 20th century, expeditions were mounted to study the Arctic and Antarctic seas and their inhabitants - Marine laboratories play a vital role in both marine and basic biological research Science and Marine Biology Process of Science - Inductive Reasoning: involves looking at individual observations and proposing a general explanation for them; octopus and squid are observed with suckers so a cephalopods have suckers Science and Marine Biology Process of Science - Deductive Reasoning: is the process of reasoning whereby observations suggest a general principle from which a specific statement can be derived; cephalopods have suckers, a cuttlefish is a cephalopods, therefore, cuttlefish have suckers Science and Marine Biology Process of Science Scientific Method – orderly pattern of gathering and analyzing information Step 1: - Making observations Good researchers are good observers as well as creative thinkers Science and Marine Biology Process of Science Step 2: Using inductive reasoning to form a hypothesis Hypotheses are formed after a researcher notices patterns or relationships and makes an educated guess as to the probable answer Science and Marine Biology Process of Science Step 3: Using deductive reasoning to design experiments Deductive reasoning – observations suggest a principle from which a specific statements can be derived - used to design experiments and test hypotheses Science and Marine Biology Process of Science Hypotheses are tested with experiments Well designed experiments test only one variable at a time - called the Experimental Variable – factor that is altered in an experiment Two trials are run – each with a different variable Experimental set – has experimental variable Control set –without experimental variable Science and Marine Biology Process of Science Steps 4 & 5: Gathering results and drawing conclusions Conclusions drawn from experiments lead scientists to either accept or reject their hypotheses Science and Marine Biology Science and Marine Biology Process of Science There are times when controlled experiments are not possible or feasible Observational science involves observing and describing and possibly theorizing; but not testing Theory – is a body of observations that have stood the test of time Science and Marine Biology Key Concepts: Ocean and Marine Organisms - Productivity Study of the Sea - Oceanography, Marine Biology History of Changing Perspectives - Aristotle, Lemark, Cuvier, Darwin, Beagle, Challenger, Agassiz, Marine Labs Science and Marine Biology Key Concepts: Process of Science - Inductive & Deductive reasoning, Scientific method, Observational Science, Theory