Transcript Marine SDI to facilitate Spatially Enabled Government and Society

Marine SDI to facilitate
Spatially Enabled Government
and Society
IHO-Workshop on Marine SDI, Havana, Cuba
Abbas Rajabifard
Centre for SDIs and Land Administration
Department of Geomatics
The University of Melbourne
Introduction
• World’s oceans cover approx. 65% of the
surface of the earth.
• Current policy and institutional frameworks for
the governing of this ocean territory are
complex.
• Multifaceted relationship and interaction
between overlapping and sometimes competing
rights of various players in the marine
environment.
• Deficiency in the availability of reliable and
accurate spatial data.
Administering the Marine Environment – the Spatial Dimensions
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
The Significance of Data
Spatial Data is further shaped by the decision-making
process to which it is subject
Decision Making Process
People
Access
Policy
Standards
Spatial
Data
Information
Management / Administration underpinned by
access to spatial information
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
The Role of the Spatial Dimension
• Marine administration requires…
– the definition of,
– access to, and
– information about…
• the location (and accuracy) of…
– the “coastline” and other
– legally defined offshore boundaries, as well as
• the rights, restrictions and responsibilities
linked to those boundaries.
Rights
Fishing rights
are available
If access
to the spec No fishing within Marine Parks.
areas can No
boating within
marine safety
Marine Parks.
I is the responsibility of the oil
unrestricted
company to submit an
Access is
environmental report containing
relevant information pertaining to
the area which is being
excavated.t T
Restrictions
Responsibilities
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
Spatial Complexity…
• Marine boundaries can be more spatially
complex than their terrestrial counterparts.
• Some examples :
– They are virtual rather than physical
– They may be ambulatory (time varying)
– They are defined in 3D (and sometimes 4D)
– They can delineate overlapping rights, restrictions
and responsibilities.
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
National and international maritime boundaries
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
Availability & Accessibility of data for
Decision-Making
Availability
Number of Datasets
Accessibility
Applicability
Data options
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
(Feeney et al. 2002)
In response to this situation, Spatial Data
Infrastructure (SDI) have been developed to create
an environment that will enable users to access
and retrieve spatial datasets in an easy and secure
way.
SDI is developed to enable the use and sharing of
spatial information and services to support
decision-making at different scales for multiple
Dynamic
purposes.
Access
Network
People
Policy
Standards
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
Data
Current SDI Development
• Many countries have developed SDI at national,
state and local levels,
Global SDI
Regional SDI
National SDI
State SDI
• Most of these initiatives stop at the coastline,
institutionally and/or spatially. Current SDI design is
mainly focused on access to and use of land related
datasets as well as land related problems,
• However, decision-makers in both land and marine
related areas also need to access marine related
datasets in order to effectively achieve their
economic, social and environmental objectives.
Land
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
Sea
Local SDI
Organisational
SDI
Marine SDI
• Development of SDI in the marine
environment would provide basis for
integration of marine & terrestrial
environments. The ultimate aim is to
include a marine dimension to SDI
models so that they work seamlessly
both on land and at sea through.
• The end result is an extended model
that will facilitate the development of a
‘seamless infrastructure – Seamless
SDI’ which aid in facilitating
sustainable management objectives
across a countries entire jurisdiction.
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
Coastal Zone
Terrestrial
Cadastre
Marine
Cadastre
Spatial Data Infrastructure
Seamless SDI
SDI and Marine Administration
Sustainable Development
Planning &
Management
Marine Policies
Marine
Development
Coastal
Management
Marine
Administration
Resource
Management
Marine Use
Institutional
Framework
Communications
SPATIAL DATA
INFRASTRUCTURE
Datasets
Oil & Gas
Data
Maritime Boundaries
DB
DB
DB
DB
DB
Other Datasets
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
DB
Navigation Data
Key Factors Driving Marine SDI
Increasing realisation that the interests of a
nation do not stop at the land sea interface:
 Environmental
 Economic
 Social
 Spatial
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
Key Factors Driving Marine SDI
•
Environmental
– 9 of the world’s 17 fisheries are overfished.
– Land-Sea interface and coastal zone
management -75% of all marine pollution
comes from land-based sources.
– Need to implement legal & institutional
mechanisms to support sustainable
development.
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
Key Factors Driving Marine SDI
• Economic
– Extension of the outer limit of a State’s
continental shelf gives an extended area to
exploit and explore.
– Recognition of potential economic value of
resources is rapidly developing.
– Competition increasing for control over
marine areas with vast arrays of natural
resources (e.g. oil & gas, fisheries).
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
Key Factors Driving Marine SDI
• Social/Cultural
– Growing pressure to recognise the rights of
indigenous people to both land & sea.
– Forced governments to change management
practices.
– Varying perceptions & knowledge of coastal
and marine environments.
– Varying use of oceans:
• Australia – oil & gas exploration
• Indonesia – major source of food
• Pacific Islands – tourism/recreation
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
Key Factors Driving Marine SDI
• Spatial Data
– Aids in effective decision making to achieve
Sustainable Development objectives.
BUT
– Data agencies continue to collect &
disseminate data individually & without
consultation,
WHICH
– Encourages data to be held in various
formats, at various accuracies within ‘data
silos’.
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
Key Factors Driving Marine SDI
• Other Factors
– Various co-management arrangements,
– Multiple and unclear jurisdictional limits,
– No single agency managing offshore rights
and boundaries,
– Enormous maritime areas to manage.
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
Marine Management Initiatives
To meet environmental, economic & social
factors many countries such as USA,
Canada, NZ and Australia are developing
spatial boundary management systems.
• Titles vary:
– Marine SDI
– Marine Cadastre
– Marine GIS
BUT
aims of each system are closely aligned.
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
Australia
• Collaborative research project which aims to define and
develop a marine cadastre within the context of Australian
SDI.
• Objective:
– Provide a comprehensive SDI whereby rights,
restrictions and responsibilities in the marine
environment can be assessed, administered and
managed.
– The design of this SDI should be done in line with the
terrestrial environment in order to create a “Seamless”
SDI model that bridges the gap between the terrestrial
and marine environments, creating a spatially enabled
land-sea interface.
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
Australian Concept
ASDI
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
SDI and the Marine Environment
USER
QUERY
SYSTEM
RESPONSE
User interface
Web
service
Web
service
Web
service
Web
service
Web
service
Interoperability
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
ASDI standards and policy framework
THE MARINE CADASTRE
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
Data
Marine Cadastre Research
• Four research areas
High Tide
– Definition of the tidal interface
“Land”
Low Tide
?
– Natural rather than geometric
boundaries
– Offshore extension of the SDI
– Marine policy, legal and security issues
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
“Sea”
Seamless SDI
Components
Access network (web portal)
Standards
•No common data standards
National Hydrography Data Content Standard for Inland and Coastal Waterways (FGDC 2000)
Policies
Data
•Fundamental datasets are coastline, bathymetry, marine cadastre, coastal imagery, marine navigation,
tidal benchmarks and benthic habitat
People
•Local ,State and national government ,tourism ,conservation, fisheries, transport ,urban planning
,cadastre ,national mapping agency, hydrographic services ,agriculture, environment
Access network (web portal)
Wireless data transfer
Standards
IHO S-57 data standards
Accuracy Standards for Nautical Charting Hydrographic Surveys
(FGDC,2002)
Interoperability standards such as Marine XML
Policies
Pricing and access Policy
National ocean policy
Privacy Policy
Quality Policy
Data
Fundamental datasets are :
Marine cadastre, bathymetry, water currents, salinity, water quality,
protected areas, boundary data, political boundaries, oceanography….
People
Department of environment and heritage, shipping, oil and gas, fishing
industry, tourism, conservation, Defense, local state and national government
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
Access network (web portal)
Fixed line data transfer
Standards
ISO TC/211 data standards
Content ,access and exchange standard
Policies
Data
Fundamental datasets are:
Geodetic framework, cadastre, address,
Transport, topography, administration….
People
Land administration, defense, and natural resource management
Department of environment and heritage ,oil and gas, fishing
industry, tourism, conservation, Defense, local, state and
national government
17th United Nations RCC-AP, Bangkok,
18-22 September 2006
Resolution 3:
Marine SDI to support marine administration
Recommendation: countries with an extensive
marine jurisdiction and administrative
responsibilities be encouraged to include the
development of a marine administration
component as part of a Seamless SDI that covers
both land and marine jurisdictions to ensure a
continuum across the coastal zone.
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
PCGIAP-International Workshop on
Administering Marine Environment-The
Spatial Dimension, Malaysia, 4-7 May 2004
Resolution:
Defining the Spatial Dimension of the Marine Environment
Recommends that the term “Marine Administration System” is adopted
for the administration of rights, restrictions and responsibilities in the
marine environment, with the spatial dimension facilitated by the
Marine SDI,
And further recommends that a marine cadastre is defined as a
management tool which spatially describes, visualises and realises
formally and informally defined boundaries and associated rights,
restrictions and responsibilities in the marine environment as a data
layer in a Marine SDI, allowing them to be more effectively identified,
administered and accessed.
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
What do we need to do?
• Include the Marine Environment in the sphere of
National SDI initiatives.
• Understand the sustainable development factors
driving the development of Marine SDI’s.
• Assess current systems in order to identify:
– Technical, legal and institutional arrangements hindering
coordination & effective management.
• Consider international perspectives in order to create
Global and Regional Marine SDIs that crosses
jurisdictional boundaries.
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
Conclusion
• SDI is a new and evolving concept;
• Research is central;
• SDI development is multi-disciplinary with policy,
legal, institutional and technical dimensions;
• Need for marine component to SDI’s increasing
driven by need to break down ‘data silos’ and
create access to accurate and up-to-date data;
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
Conclusion
• Need to understand link between the
terrestrial and marine environments – they
cannot be treated isolation;
• Must have cooperation between nations as
maritime actions transcend national
boundaries.
Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007
Centre for SDIs
and Land Administration
Dynamic
Standards
People
www.geom.unimelb.edu.au/research/SDI_research
Policy
Data
Access Network
www.geom.unimelb.edu.au/maritime
www,marineadministration.org
World Class Research
Supporting Sustainable Development
Thank you