Transcript - COSEE: Central Gulf of Mexico

Oceans and Human Health
- A New Concept
- A New Federal Program
- A New Research Direction for USM
A COSEE Online Institute Presentation
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
Topics to Cover
• What is “Ocean Health”
• NOAA’s OHH Efforts
• Ocean Health Research at USM
– Vibrio pathogens
– Bacteria and the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico
What Is “Ocean Health”?
• The condition or health of coastal and ocean ecosystems
reflects the ability of those ecosystems to continue to
provide goods (e.g., fisheries) and services (e.g., waste
treatment, storm protection) and maintain their integrity,
diversity, and resiliency. In turn, ecosystem health affects:
– Health of marine organisms;
– Health of people who are part of and exposed to coastal
ecosystems;
– Health of coastal communities which depend upon
ocean/coastal ecosystems for a variety of important
ecological services; and
– Health of coastal economies which provide ~60% of the
nation’s GDP.
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA
3
The Big Hairy Questions
How will the oceans affect my
health and well-being?
Is the seafood safe to eat
and are the waters safe to
swim in or drink?
How will climate
change affect
ocean health
threats?
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA
OHH – A National Priority
• Established the Interagency
OHH Program
• Authorized NOAA’s OHH
Initiative
• Required a ten-year
implementation plan to define
goals and priorities for OHH
Federal research and
application
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA
OHHI’s Mission: To improve understanding and
management of the ocean, coasts and Great Lakes to
enhance benefits to human health and reduce public
health risks.
In Support of America's Ocean and Coasts:
Safe, Healthy and Productive
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA
Understanding the Linkages
NOAA’s OHHI will bring
understanding and
assessment of the oceans full
circle since it evaluates and
communicates both the impact
of humans on the oceans, as
well as the impact of the
oceans on human health.
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA
Ocean Health Risks and Benefits
The Health Risks
• Seafood-borne Illnesses
• Harmful Algal Blooms
• Ocean Pathogens
Chemical Contaminants
The Health Benefits
• New Drugs and Products
• Seafood Health Benefits
• Drinking Water
• Ecosystem Services
• Healthy Economies
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA
OHHI Goals
1.
2.
3.
Lead the development of early
warning systems to forecast
threats and predict long-term risks
to human health throughout US
coastal and Great Lakes waters.
Investigate and optimize health
benefits from the sea.
Develop a robust OHH community
working across disciplines and
institutions to improve public
health
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA
Desired Outcomes
HEALTHY OCEANS,
HEALTHY ECOSYSTEMS,
HEALTHY PEOPLE,
AND
HEALTHY ECONOMIES
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA
OCEANS AND HUMAN HEALTH
AT USM
The Vibrios
• Vibrio cholerae was one
of the first bacteria to be
isolated in pure culture
• V. cholerae first observed
by Pacini in 1854
• 30 years later the
German physician Robert
Koch reported the first
cultivation of this
pathogen
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
Dr. Robert Koch
The Vibrios
• Over 70 Vibrio species are now recognized
• 24 species are pathogenic for animals and plants
• Of these 24, 12 occur in human specimens and 11
are confirmed human pathogens
• In general, the human pathogens cause diarrhea or
extra-intestinal infections – usually wound infections
• Several species cause diseases in other animals –
both vertebrates (most commonly in fishes vibriosis) and invertebrates – and in plants – and in
corals
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
Isolation of Vibrios
• Enrichment
– Alkaline peptone water
• Non-selective
– Marine agar 2216
– T1N3 agar (1% tryptone and
3% NaCl)
• Selective
– Thiosulfate-citrate-bile saltssucrose (TCBS)
– Vibrio vulnificus agar (VVA)
– Cellobiose-polymixin
B-colistin (CPC+) agar
Vv
– Chromagar
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
APW
T1N3
VVA
suc-
suc+
TCBS
VVA
Identification of Vibrios
• Classical phenotypic
tests
• Biolog®
• Serology –
serotyping, FAB
• Alkaline phosphataselabeled DNA probes
• PCR, rtPCR, qPCR
• FISH, RING-FISH
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
FISH
FAB
The Big Three
• Vibrio cholerae
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–
–
–
–
Over 180 defined O antigens (O1 and 179 non-O1)
Serogroup O1 (pandemics)
Serogroup O139 (epidemics)
O1 biogroups are classic and El Tor
Toxigenic and non-toxigenic (cholera toxin or CT)
• Vibrio parahaemolyticus
– 13 O antigens and 60 K antigens
– Predominate strain is O3:K6 (pandemic)
• Vibrio vulnificus
– 7 O antigens with O1 and O4 predominate
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
Vibrio cholerae Pacini 1854
• First Vibrio to be isolated and described
• Ubiquitous in estuarine and marine
environments
• Temperature and salinity
optima are 25oC and
2-14 ppt
• Commonly associated with
marine animals and plants
(epizootic and epiphytic)
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
Vibrio cholerae
(Slide courtesy of Drs. Rita Colwell and Constantin de Magney, University of Maryland)
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Fujino et al. 1951
• Most common agent of Vibrio
•
•
•
•
•
disease in humans after
V. cholerae
The most common causes of
food borne disease in Japan
(ca. 70%)
Most common cause of seafood-borne disease in U.S.
Causes acute gastroenteritis
Can cause septicemia and wound infection
First Vp pandemic began in 1996, involving three major
serotypes – O3:K6, O4:K68, and O1:K untypeable
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
V. parahaemolyticus Outbreaks
• Historically, U.S. outbreaks were associated with cooked
crabs – illness from raw molluscan shellfish had been
sporadic
• Now raw oysters are the primary source
• Large U.S. outbreaks in 1969, 71, 72, 82, 92, 97, 98, and
2006
• In 1997, Vp from molluscan shellfish caused a large
outbreak in the Pacific Northwest
– involved 209 persons & one died from septicemia
– isolates belonged to common U.S. serogroups (O1, O4, O5) and
all were TDH+
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
Vibrio vulnificus
(Reichelt et al. 1979) Farmer 1980
• Vv causes:
– primary septicemia (ingestion
of shellfish)
– gastroenteritis (ingestion of
shellfish)?
– wound infections (contact)
• Preexisting liver dysfunction or disease greatly
increases susceptibility and mortality
• High fatality rate among compromised
• Highest fatality rate of any bacterium known (>50%)
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
Vibrio vulnificus
• Virulence factors not well understood
• Hemolysins and pathogenicity
– V. vulnificus hemolysin (vvh)
– Powerful iron sequestration ability
– Capsule and endotoxin
– Two genotypes – clinical (C) and environmental (E)
and only C causes disease in humans
– Others???
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
V. vulnificus Ecology
• Vv isolated from all U.S. coastal areas
• Most prevalent during warm months
• Temperature and salinity ranges are above 20oC
and 5-25 ppt
• Optima are 30oC and 5-10 ppt
• Appears to associate with marine animals
• Can become nonculturable with stress
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
Vp Detection by Satellite
• We are predicting the presence of Vp in oysters
by using satellite remote sensing
• The RS products we use are temperature and
salinity
• Sea surface temperature (SST) is directly
measured and salinity is inferred from colored
dissolved organic matter(CDOM)
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
RS Platforms
Two popular NASA satellite RS platforms used by
oceanographers are SeaStar and Terra
SeaStar carries SeaWiFS
• Launched August 1997
• 1-km2 pixels, used for color
• Global coverage every 2 days
SeaStar – the SeaWiFS platform
Terra – the MODIS platform
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
Terra carries MODIS
• Launched December 1999
• 1-km2 pixels, SST & turbidity
• Global coverage every 1-2
days
Recent Vp Maps that Include Salinity
SST
Salinity
Vp/g
average log(Vp/g) = -2.05 + 0.097*TWATER + 0.2*SAL - 0.0055*SAL2
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
Vibrios and Oil
GCRL Microbial Response
• Surface water sample
collected 2 miles from the
DH site by R/V Pelican on
May 14
• Being used to develop
methods for our research
DAPI cells on oil
droplets
Vibrio sp. (16SFISH)
FISH
Vp
R/V Pelican
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
DAPI cell near oil
droplet
DAPI + Vp (16S
FISH)
Vibrios and Oil
GCRL Microbial Response
• Surface water sample
collected 2 miles from the
DH site by R/V Pelican on
May 14
• Being used to develop
methods for our research
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
R/V Pelican
Thank You
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
Professor – Department of Coastal
Sciences, Marine Microbial Ecology
[email protected]
Gulf Coast Research Laboratory
703 East Beach Drive
Ocean Springs, MS 39564