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AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
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Product No. 72003 (09/11) Version 1.0
Welcome to your course

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
Welcome
Introductions
Course goals
Course overview
Class requirements
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
2
We’ll talk about . . .
SECTION 1: Sharks in Peril and why we should care




Unique physical attributes of sharks
Conservation status of sharks
Life history traits that make sharks
vulnerable
Importance to marine ecosystems
SECTION 1
Sharks in Peril
Continued . . .
Welcome
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
3
We’ll talk about . . .
SECTION 2: Managing threats and recognising values

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Threats to sharks
Management strategies to protect
sharks
Value to local economies
Misperceptions of sharks
SECTION 2
Managing Threats
Continued . . .
Welcome
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
4
We’ll talk about . . .
SECTION 3: Taking action and joining the Project AWARE
movement
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

Personal actions to protect sharks
Your local sharks
Responsible environmental
guidelines for diving with sharks
Join the Project AWARE movement
SECTION 3
Taking Action
Welcome
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
5
SECTION 1:
Sharks in Peril
and why we should care
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
6
What are the unique physical
attributes of sharks?

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First sharks over 400 mya
Modern sharks around 100 mya
Found in every marine environment
Roughly 500 species
Most sharks have:
 a streamlined, torpedo shaped
body
 rigid dorsal and pectoral fins
Most predators, some scavengers
or filter feeders
Continued . . .
S1: Sharks in Peril
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
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What are the unique physical
attributes of sharks?


Sharks have unique physical
attributes that make them
different from other fish:
 Skeleton made from
cartilage
 No swim bladder
 Exposed gill slits
Share these attributes with
skates and rays
S1: Sharks in Peril
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
8
What is the conservation
status of sharks?
30% of 1044 assessed sharks, rays and chimaeras are Threatened
or Near Threatened with extinction
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
Red List Review of 1044 Shark, Ray and Chimaera Species
Critically Endangered
2%
Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild
Endangered
4%
Very high risk of extinction in the wild
Vulnerable
11%
High risk of extinction in the wild
Near Threatened
13%
Close to qualifying or likely to qualify for a threatened
category in the near future
Least Concern
23%
Not qualifying as Threatened including widespread and
abundant species
Data Deficient
47%
More information required for assessment
Continued . . .
S1: Sharks in Peril
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
9
What is the conservation
status of sharks?
More alarming estimates

Species
Location
More alarming estimates:
Pelagic
Sharks and rays
(open ocean)
Status
One third threatened with extinction
Hammerhead sharks
NW & W Central
Atlantic
Great hammerheads
E Atlantic
Declined by 80%
Porbeagle and spiny
dogfish sharks
NW Atlantic
Reduced by 90%
Sharks
14 species of sharks
and rays
S1: Sharks in Peril
Europe
Mediterranean
Declined by 89% since 1986
One third Threatened with extinction
Critically Endangered
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
10
What life history traits make
sharks vulnerable?
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Sharks vulnerable to overfishing
because:
 Long time to sexual maturity
 Long gestations
 Small number of offspring
 Breed only every 2nd or 3rd
year
Strategy works under natural
conditions
Fails when fishing removes many
individuals
Continued . . .
S1: Sharks in Peril
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
11
What life history traits make
sharks vulnerable?
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Compare shark reproductive
strategy with bony fish that:
 Release millions of eggs in a
lifetime, so
 More likely to recover from
fishing impacts
Most fisheries management based
on bony fish strategy
Sharks tend to form groups based
on age, gender and maturity
 Removal of older breeding age
females
Continued . . .
S1: Sharks in Peril
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
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What is the importance of
sharks to marine ecosystems?
Crucial to maintain health of marine ecosystems


Keep a balance among prey
species
 Often the apex predator
 Top of many food chains
 Feed on many different
species
 Change food when one
prey animal is hard to find
Remove sick, injured and
diseased animals
S1: Sharks in Peril
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
13
What is the importance of
sharks to marine ecosystems?
Food chains describe how energy moves among species
Starts with
plants that
use the
sun’s
energy to
make their
body parts
Plants
consumed
by
herbivores
(plant
eaters)
Herbivores
consumed
by
carnivores
(meat
eaters)
Small
carnivores
consumed
by large
carnivores
until apex
predators
reached
Continued . . .
S1: Sharks in Peril
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
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What is the importance of
sharks to marine ecosystems?
Removing animals from a food chain can have repercussions
throughout an ecosystem:
Fewer apex predators
more lower-level carnivores
fewer herbivores
more macroalgae
(e.g. seaweed, base of food chain)
Continued . . .
S1: Sharks in Peril
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Distinctive Specialty Course
15
What is the importance of
sharks to marine ecosystems?
Relatively untouched reefs can show the impact of removing apex
predators (including sharks)
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Study at NW Hawaii Islands
Apex predators:
 More than 50% of fish
biomass
 Less than 10% on fished
reefs
Sharks are bigger
Populations of all species are far
greater
A larger variety of other species
Continued . . .
S1: Sharks in Peril
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Distinctive Specialty Course
16
What is the importance of
sharks to marine ecosystems?
Sharks found to protect seagrass beds from over-grazing by
dugongs and green sea turtles:
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
Prefer to eat in the middle of sea
grass bed
Stay on outside when sharks
present
Seagrass beds important habitat for
many species
Sharks keep marine environments healthy Important for all marine animals and for humans!
S1: Sharks in Peril
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
17
We’ve talked about
SECTION 1: Sharks in Peril and why we should care




Unique physical attributes of sharks
Conservation status of sharks
Life history traits that make sharks
vulnerable
Importance to marine ecosystems
Any Questions?
S1: Sharks in Peril
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
18
SECTION 2:
Managing threats and
recognising values
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
19
What major threats contribute
to declines in shark populations?
It is mostly due to overfishing that many shark species
are threatened with extinction


Targeted fisheries and as
bycatch
Mainly caught for:
 Fins: to make shark fin
soup
 Meat: strong demand
from Europe
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
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Distinctive Specialty Course
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What major threats contribute
to declines in shark populations?

Total of annual shark catch:
 Nearly 80% - top 20 shark catching nations
 More than 35% - top 4 shark catching nations
The top 20 shark catching nations in order of size of catch, greatest take first
Rank
Country
Rank
Country
Rank
Country
Rank
Country
1
Indonesia
6
Mexico
11
Thailand
16
Portugal
2
India
7
Pakistan
12
France
17
Nigeria
3
Spain
8
USA
13
Brazil
18
Iran
4
Taiwan
9
Japan
14
Sri Lanka
19
UK
5
Argentina
10
Malaysia
15
New Zealand
20
S Korea
Source: The Future of Sharks: A Review of Action and Inaction
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
Continued . . .
21
What major threats contribute
to declines in shark populations?
Some of the many uses of shark body parts
Species
Part
Where
How
Most sharks
Fins
Global, but
centered on Asia
Shark fin soup
Spiny dogfish
Meat
Europe
Spiny dogfish
Meat
UK
Fish and Chips
Spiny dogfish
Meat
Germany
To make Schillerlocken
Porbeagle
Meat
France
Known as veal of the sea
Mako, thresher and
blacktip
Meat
America
Shark steaks
Greenland and
basking shark
Meat
Iceland and
Greenland
Used to produce hákarl
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
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Distinctive Specialty Course
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What major threats contribute
to declines in shark populations?
Some of the many uses of shark body parts
Part
Where
How
Meat
Australia
Known as flake, often used in fish and chips
Meat
Global
Products called fish may contain shark i.e. fish
fingers
Liver oil
Global
Many industrial uses
Shark skin
A delicacy and also used to make leather
products
Liver oil and
cartilage
Said to have health benefits, though unproven
Jaws and
teeth
sold as souvenirs
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
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Distinctive Specialty Course
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What major threats contribute
to declines in shark populations?
Difficult to estimate annual shark take
Countries have different reporting requirements, or none at all
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
Food and Agriculture
Organisation (FOA) estimate of
shark, ray and chimaera catch:
 2003: 0.90 million tonnes
 2006: 0.75 million tonnes
Unknown if decline due to:
 Better fisheries
management
 Less sharks
 Combination of both
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
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Distinctive Specialty Course
24
What major threats contribute
to declines in shark populations?
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
Study of shark fin trade records shows FAO figures an
underestimate
Found annual shark catch to support global shark fin trade to be:
 Between 1.21 to 2.29 million tonnes, with a median of 1.70
million tonnes
 Equivalent to between 26 and 73 million sharks
Therefore 38 million sharks per year is the best estimate for the
global shark catch
This figure does not include:
 Sharks killed for domestic fin markets
 Sharks discarded dead at sea
 Sharks killed for their meat only
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
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Distinctive Specialty Course
25
What major threats contribute
to declines in shark populations?
Shark Fin Soup
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Status symbol in Chinese
culture
Demand fast outpacing supply
Driving the global depletion of
shark populations
Among the most valuable
fisheries products
 Bowl of soup can cost
US$100
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
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Distinctive Specialty Course
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What major threats contribute
to declines in shark populations?
Shark Finning
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Removing a shark's fins at sea
 Often still alive
Body dumped overboard
Why do fishers do that?
 High value of fins / low value
of meat
Why is this allowed to happen?
 Finning banned by many
countries, but
 Poor monitoring and
regulations
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
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Distinctive Specialty Course
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What major threats contribute
to declines in shark populations?
Bycatch
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Part of a catch that is:
 not the target species, or
 undersized
Can not be landed in many
regions
Often dumped overboard
Tens of millions of sharks
killed as bycatch every year
Usually not recorded in fishery
records
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
28
What major threats contribute
to declines in shark populations?
Other Impacts
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Habitat Loss
 75% coral reefs threatened
from local pressures and
climate change
 1/5th mangroves removed
since 1980
Coastal Development
 Damages shark habitats
and nurseries
S2: Managing Threats
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
29
What major threats contribute
to declines in shark populations?
Other Impacts
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Marine debris
 Our rubbish in the ocean
 Sharks eat marine debris or
become entangled
 Ghost nets
Swimmer protection devices
 Beach nets and baited drumlines
 Kills harmless sharks
 Kills other species: dolphins,
rays and turtles etc
S2: Managing Threats
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
30
What key management
strategies can protect sharks?
For shark fisheries to be sustainable, shark fisheries
management should:
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Be well-enforced, with sciencebased catch limits
Have conservation measures
consistent throughout the
range of each species
Be science-based and take a
precautionary approach
Aim to minimise waste
We will now look at some management strategies that can help
protect sharks
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
31
What key management
strategies can protect sharks?
International Plan of Action-Sharks (IPOA-Sharks)
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Shark fishing nations to implement a
National Plan of Action (NPOA) for the
conservation and management of sharks
Aims to make shark fisheries sustainable
by:
 Assessing threats such as overfishing
 Protecting critical habitats
 Minimising waste and discards (e.g.
finning bans)
 Encouraging the full use of dead sharks
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
32
What key management
strategies can protect sharks?
International Plan of Action-Sharks (IPOA-Sharks)
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Should implement a Shark NPOA
by 2001:
 Voluntary
 As of 2011 only 13 of the Top
20 nations have a plan
IPOA process has raised the
profile of sharks
Led to some improvement in
shark fisheries management
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
33
What key management
strategies can protect sharks?
Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs)
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Facilitate management of multination fishing:
 In international waters, or
 For highly migratory species
Aims to conserve fish populations
through agreements
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
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Distinctive Specialty Course
34
What key management
strategies can protect sharks?
Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs)
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Slow to address shark overfishing
Management based on fast
breeding bony fish
Most RFMOs banned shark
finning
 But did not set international
shark fishing quotas for the
high seas
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
35
What key management
strategies can protect sharks?
Finning Bans
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
Finning banned by most RFMOs
and nearly 30 countries
Does not stop sharks being caught
 Aims to ensure shark carcasses
are kept after fins removed
Stipulates a maximum fin to carcass
ratio allowed onboard
 Dump the carcass = exceed the
ratio
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
36
What key management
strategies can protect sharks?
Finning Bans
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
IUCN recommends ratio not exceed
5% of dressed weight
 Dressed weight = heads and
guts removed
Using whole weight creates a
loophole
 Allows 2 to 3 sharks to be finned
for every carcass kept
Europe and Brazil bans specify
whole weight
 Sets a bad example
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
37
What key management
strategies can protect sharks?
Finning Bans
Most effective way to enforce finning bans
is to require that carcasses are landed
with fins naturally attached

Finning bans could
dramatically reduce
shark mortality if
properly enforced
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
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Distinctive Specialty Course
38
What key management
strategies can protect sharks?
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora (CITES)
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
International agreement among
175 countries
Regulates or bans international
trade in Threatened species
Binding on member countries
Resistance to listing sharks due
to commercial value
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
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Distinctive Specialty Course
39
What key management
strategies can protect sharks?
Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
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
As of 2011 only three sharks
included under CITES Appendix II:
 Basking Shark
 Whale Shark
 Great White Shark
Proposals to list porbeagle,
hammerhead and oceanic whitetip
sharks rejected
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
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Distinctive Specialty Course
40
What key management
strategies can protect sharks?
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
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
Protect from extractive industries
 Fishing
 Mining
 Collecting for aquariums
Known by variety of names
 marine parks
 aquatic reserves
 marine reserves
 sanctuary zones
 etc
Continued . . .
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Distinctive Specialty Course
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What key management
strategies can protect sharks?
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)

Different levels of protection:
 Fully protected no-take zones
(all extractive activities banned),
or
 Multiple uses through a system
of zoning
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
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Distinctive Specialty Course
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What key management
strategies can protect sharks?
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
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
Benefits of MPAs:
 Bony fish recover from
overfishing
 More fish in surrounding areas
 Economic advantages through
marine tourism
Only around 1% of the world’s
ocean protected by MPAs
Less than 0.1% of these MPAs are
no-take zones
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
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Distinctive Specialty Course
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What key management
strategies can protect sharks?
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)



Protects sharks when positioned
over key habitats:
 Where sharks congregate to
mate
 Nursery grounds
Works best for sharks with
limited range
Migratory sharks?
 If a network of MPAs covers
the range of habitats through
which the sharks migrate
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
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Distinctive Specialty Course
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What key management
strategies can protect sharks?
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)

Dive tourism can lead to the
creation of shark sanctuaries:
 Palau, 2009: entire ocean
territory
 Maldives, 2010: entire ocean
territory
 Bahamas and Honduras,
2011: territorial waters
Continued . . .
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Distinctive Specialty Course
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What key management
strategies can protect sharks?
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)


To be effective shark sanctuaries
need:
 Management and monitoring
 Funding
 Patrols and enforcement
 Compensation for fishers, or
an alternate income
Dive tourism is leading to local
and even national protection for
sharks
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
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Distinctive Specialty Course
46
What key management
strategies can protect sharks?
Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing



Result of fisheries
management failures
Level of illegal shark fishing
may not be high
 Few rules to break!
Lack of species-specific
reporting a huge hindrance to
shark conservation
S2: Managing Threats
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
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What is the value of sharks
to local economies?
Sharks provide economic benefits as a source of food and as
tourist attractions

Continue to provide income
and protein for many people
if fished at a sustainable
level
The problem is not that we are fishing for sharks;
the problem is that in most cases
we are overfishing sharks
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
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Distinctive Specialty Course
48
What is the value of sharks
to local economies?
Sharks at popular dive centres have a greater value as tourist
attractions than when fished
Value of shark dive tourism to
Palau
Value of shark dive tourism to
the Maldives
$18 million per year
US$3,300 one reef shark per year
US$1.9 million one reef shark
over its lifetime
US$33,500 one reef shark per
year at the most popular sites
US$108 one shark when fished
US$32 one shark when fished
Continued . . .
S2: Managing Threats
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What is the value of sharks
to local economies?
Value of shark dive tourism to
the Bahamas
Value of shark and ray tourism
to the Canary Islands
US$800 million over a twenty
year period
€17.7 million annually
US$250,000 one reef shark over
its lifetime
429 jobs supported
US$50-60 one shark when fished
Value of global whale shark
tourism
US$47.5 million in 2004
Value of shark dive tourism to
South Africa
US$4.1 million diving with great
white sharks, 2003
US$1.8 million diving with tiger
sharks, 2007
Continued . . .
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What is the value of sharks
to local economies?


Dive tourism can:
 Improve appreciation of
sharks
 Create shark conservation
advocates
This can lead to protection for
shark species not associated
with diving, such as those in
international waters
S2: Managing Threats
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How do we remove common
misperceptions of sharks that are a barrier to conservation?




Undeserved reputation as a
mindless killer
Often portrayed as man-eaters
Media often greatly exaggerates
shark attack stories
1975 film Jaws portrayed sharks
as vengeful hunters of humans
Continued . . .
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How do we remove common
misperceptions of sharks that are a barrier to conservation?





The reality?
 Unlikely to attack
International Shark Attack File 2010:
 79 unprovoked shark attacks
 Only 6 were fatal
Shark attacks levelled off over last
30 years to average 63.5 per year
Growing human population means
number of attacks should increase
Falling shark populations the
possible explanation
S2: Managing Threats
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How do we remove common
misperceptions of sharks that are a barrier to conservation?
Not understanding the variety of shark species another barrier to
protection


Only about 10 species implicated
in unprovoked attacks
 Mostly bull, tiger, and white
sharks
Most attacks thought to be
mistakes or explorations
Ocean the shark's home

We choose to accept the risk
when we swim
S2: Managing Threats
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We’ve talked about
SECTION 2: Managing threats and recognising values




Threats to sharks
Management strategies to protect
sharks
Value to local economies
Misperceptions of sharks
Any Questions?
S2: Managing Threats
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
55
SECTION 3:
Taking action and joining the
Project AWARE movement
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
56
What personal actions
can I take to protect sharks?
Everyday Actions








Get involved
Make personal changes to
protect sharks
Join campaigns
Support Marine Protected Areas
Tell others
Respond to alarmist media
stories
Support Project AWARE
 www.projectaware.org
Tread lightly on the planet
Continued . . .
S3: Taking Action
AWARE Shark Conservation Diver
Distinctive Specialty Course
57
What personal actions
can I take to protect sharks?
Purchase Decisions




If you choose to eat seafood
 Look for sustainable fisheries
 Sustainable Seafood
Guides
 Avoid products that contain
sharks
Choose not to eat shark fin soup
Avoid purchasing items that
contain shark products
Support genuine ecotourism
operations
Continued . . .
S3: Taking Action
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What personal actions
can I take to protect sharks?
Be an AWARE Diver


Make your dives count
 Dive Against Debris
Be an AWARE diver
 Ten Ways A Diver Can Protect
The Underwater Environment
 Ten Tips for Underwater
Photographers
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What sharks are found in our local area
and what is their conservation status?
Continued . . .
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What sharks are found in our local area
and what is their conservation status?
S3: Taking Action
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Environmental Guidelines for
diving with sharks
These guidelines will help you minimise your impacts when
diving with sharks

Be an AWARE diver


Do not block their movement by
swimming in front of them, allow
them to move away
Do not descend on top of
sharks

Do not get close to sharks

Be familiar with and follow
local regulations and
protocols

Do not block their exit if they are
inside a cave or overhang
Always seek safety advice from a dive professional familiar with
sharks found at the dive site before diving with sharks
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Join the Project AWARE movement
Project AWARE’s powerful movement for ocean protection starts
with you




Ocean fighting for its life!
2 major issues where divers can
make a difference
 Shark decline
 Marine debris
Dive Against Debris: underwater
survey of rubbish in our ocean
Your data will:
 Cause changes that stop rubbish from
entering the ocean
 Reduce marine life death and injuries
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Join the Project AWARE movement
My Ocean – unique eco-networking site for ocean protection


Dive Centres and AWARE leaders
 Manage local conservation
events
Your
 Report data
Profile
 Connect with volunteers
Explore My Ocean
 Create a profile
 Volunteer for events
 Find new dive buddies
Your
Your
Buddies
Blogs
Continued . . .
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Join the Project AWARE movement
Be an AWARE Diver



Calls to action, petitions and
activities centered on our ocean
planet
Think ocean protection every
time you dive
Join the movement to protect our
ocean planet – one dive at a time
www.projectaware.org
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We’ve talked about
SECTION 3: Taking action and joining the Project AWARE
movement




Personal actions to protect sharks
Your local sharks
Responsible environmental
guidelines for diving with sharks
Join the Project AWARE movement
Any Questions?
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Join the Movement
www.projectaware.org