Transcript Marine Conservation: MPA’s and Aquaculture

Marine Conservation:
MSY, MPA’s and
Aquaculture
August 29th, 2007
Reminders….
• Midterm tomorrow
– You do NOT need a bluebook
– NO calculator needed
– Bring pencil, eraser, and well-slept brain
• Monday is Labor Day Holiday: no class
– And no homework!!!!
True/False? Or Multiple ChoiceS
Marine harvest
seems to have
leveled off…
Human population
growth has not!!!
The Problem:
Source: United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization: The Status of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2002
Humans as Optimal Foragers: prey
switching
How do countries over-exploit their
own resources?
• Ineffective Management
– Trouble assessing population levels
• Environmental fluctuation
• Fish dynamics (movement + growth dynamics)
• Over-reporting catches and subsidies (competition + globalization)
– Trouble enforcing limits
• Technological Advances to catch fish
• Bycatch
Solution? Set limit on fishing using
MSY model
MSY model with Stochasticity
How do countries over-exploit their
own resources?
• Ineffective Management
– Trouble assessing population levels
• Environmental fluctuation
• Fish dynamics (movement + growth dynamics)
• Over-reporting catches and subsidies (competition + globalization)
– Trouble enforcing limits
• Technological Advances to catch fish
• Bycatch
Solution? Set limit on fishing using
MSY model
Population growth rate isn’t always density dependent!
Set limit on fishing using MSY model
How does curve change if fish grows more slowly than expected?
Dynamics of Orange Roughy:
yummy, mild fish
Orange Roughy Population Decline
How do countries over-exploit their
own resources?
• Ineffective Management
– Trouble assessing population levels
• Environmental fluctuation
• Fish dynamics (movement + growth dynamics)
• Over-reporting catches and subsidies (competition + globalization)
– Trouble enforcing limits
• Technological Advances to catch fish
• Bycatch
Bycatch: Externalities
Management Options
• Technology
– Limit technology
– Use technology to decrease bycatch
“Fishing down” the food web
The Role of Human Values and
Perceptions
•Scarcity price increases: Expected Value of fishing?
Management Options
• Fix problems identified with privatization
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Better population assessments
Technology
Fines/Permits
Inform Consumers-change perceptions
Reductionsist approach
--- Shift focus from individual stocks to ecosystems ---
• Marine Reserves
• Aquaculture
Next time!
Wetlands and Aquaculture:
Conversion of Mangroves to Shrimp Farms
Mangrove forests once covered 3/4 of the coastlines of tropical and subtropical countries.
Today, less than 50% remain. Many factors contribute to mangrove forest loss, including
the charcoal and timber industries, urban growth pressures, and mounting pollution
problems. However, one of the most significant causes of mangrove forest
destruction in the past decade has been the consumer demand for luxury shrimp
The Rise and Fall of the Blue Revolution: Article by Alfredo Quarto published in the East
Africa Wildlife Society's magazine SWARA
AQUACULTURE: The Blue Revolution?
Aquaculture
• Status: fastest growing food production industry in the
world (1/3 of all fishery landings)
Aquaculture: Fish Farms
• Energy flow perspective
– Fish vs. Cows
– Salmon vs. carp vs. filter feeders
– Farmed salmon vs. wild salmon
Sustainable Aquaculture?
Sustainable Aquaculture?
Aquaculture: Risks
– Impact on wild fish populations
• Feed for farmed fish
• ‘Seed’ for farmed fish
• Fish escapes- invasive species
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Algal blooms
Oxygen depletion
Downstream impacts
Disease
(Wet)land conversion
Aquaculture: Integrated Systems Approach
Aquaculture: Integrated Systems Approach
BENEFITS:
• Waste = food
• Whole is greater than sum of parts
COSTS/RISKS:
• Pesticide use
• Labor intensive
• Limit to fish density
What Can You Do?
• Vote with your dollars!
• Get involved!
• Educate others!
Marine Protected Areas
“Any area of the marine environment that has been
reserved by federal, state, territorial, tribal or local
laws or regulations to provide lasting protection to
part or all of the natural or cultural resources
therein” (Executive Order 13158).
ZONING
How can MPA’s improve upon traditional management of
individual fish stocks?
Marine Protected Areas
Channel Islands MPA Objectives:
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Protection of representative and unique habitats;
Achievement of sustainable fisheries in the Channel
Islands; and
Minimization of short-term economic losses to all resource
users.
CINMS MPA Process:
http://www.cinms.nos.noaa.gov/marineres/cp.html
Science Advisory Panel sets
Minimum Viable Area
"The best available science demonstrates that the minimum area set
aside should be no lower than 30%, and perhaps 50%, of representative
and unique marine habitats, features, and populations of interest in all
bioregions of the CINMS. Because of the complexity upon which this
estimate is based, evaluation of its effectiveness is necessary to
determine whether alteration (reduction or increase) is appropriate
based on future assessments." –Science Advisory Panel, CINMS
The Trouble with Minimum
Viable Area
“I do not believe that the MRWG can satisfy the goals of
biodiversity protection and sustainable fisheries by breaking
from some bottom-level of protection, as recommended by
the Science Panel. There will be economic impacts, and we
should work hard together in this community to equitably and
responsibly deal with these impacts but not by compromising
on Science Panels recommendation.”
-Dr. Michael McGinnis (in a letter explaining his resignation from
the marine resources working group, CINMS)
Stakeholders
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Conservationists
Commercial Fishermen (lobster, urchin, squid, kelp..)
Recreational Fishermen
Recreational Divers
Tourist Boat Operators
Scientists
Others?????
Is there inherent conflict? SPILLOVER EFFECT?
How can we ‘optimize’ across multiple competing objectives?
Channel Islands Marine Protected Areas
Great Barrier
Reef:
MPA Zoning
Great Barrier
Reef:
MPA Zoning
GBR vs. CINMS MPA’s
• Zoning (2 levels vs.7 levels)
• Compensation for displaced fishermen
• Decision-making (CINMS: consensus-based)
• Community input (forum, transparency)
MPA’s: Will They Work?
• Enforcement:
• Setting boundaries in the ocean
• Paper-parks
• Role of Technology
• Monitoring
• BACI
• Creating of jobs
•Unintended Consequences
Some Pro’s and Con’s of MPA’s
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(can) protect long-term viability of fisheries
decrease habitat destruction and bycatch
promote non-extractive uses of marine areas
establish ‘baseline’ for scientific studies
- Unintended consequence
- Can’t fence in marine resources
- Can’t fence out pollution, disruption in nearby areas
The Future: Global MPA’s?
At the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, coastal
nations pledged to turn the tide on this decline by creating national
networks of marine parks by 2012. "But until now, it has been unclear
how much it will cost countries to deliver on their promises," said Scott
Burns, director of WWF's Marine Conservation program. "Making this
commitment to marine protection will require international effort on an
unprecedented scale. Just half a percent of the sea lies within marine
parks today, compared to 12 percent of the land."
Projected Cost: estimated $12.4 to 13.9 billion/yr for 30 percent coverage
Compared to: Americans spend an estimated $20 billion on ice cream
And 8 billion on facial cosmetics
Summary
• Maximum Sustainable Yield
– Why hasn’t it worked?
– Reductionist approach
• Aquaculture
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Types
Potential impacts: wetland loss, impact on marine fisheries
Energy flow perspective
Risks
Integrated systems approach
• Marine Protected Areas
– Stakeholders
– Zoning
• Minimum Viable Area
– Pro’s and Con’s