Transcript Слайд 1 - GESAMP

NOWPAP (Northwest Pacific Action Plan)
Established in 1994 by China, Japan,
Republic of Korea and Russia as a part of
UNEP Regional Seas Programme
NOWPAP Mechanism
CEARAC
Japan
DINRACChina
-Special Monitoring and
Coastal Assessment
RACs
- Data and Information Network
RCU
MERRAC
Korea
- Marine Environment Emergency
Preparedness and Response
POMRAC
Russia
- Pollution Monitoring
IGM
Northwest Pacific Action Plan
Ultimate Goal of NOWPAP
Wise use, development and
management of the coastal and
marine environment so as to
obtain the utmost long-term benefits
for the human populations of the
region, while protecting human health,
ecological integrity and the region’s
sustainability for future generations.
Geographic coverage
33-52oN, 121-143oE
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The publications prepared under
activities of UNEP NOWPAP
RACs, namely National Reports
and Regional Overviews prepared
by NOWPAP POMRAC, and
National Reports and Integrated
Report prepared by NOWPAP
CEARAC, were the major sources
of information for this SOMER.
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The results published in the
scientific papers and reports of the
international projects, programs
and organizations, including GPA,
GIWA, YSLME, PICES, were also
used.
Goals & Objectives of NOWPAP SOMER
 To assess the current state of the marine
environment in the northwestern Pacific, with focus
on recent changes in environmental conditions and
on human impacts on the marine environment and
coastal areas
 To identify regional concerns and emerging issues
 To identify gap and needs related to these issues
and the ways to address them in the region
 To summarize actions and measures suggested by
different programs / projects in a way that assists
decision makers meet the challenge of addressing
environmental concerns and issues at both
national and regional levels.
Contents of SOMER
 Geographical features of the region and the peculiarities of the human
pressure in different countries
 Current environmental issues
- Atmospheric pollution
- Pollutant inputs with rivers and waste waters
- Red tides and eutrophication
- Oil spills
- Coastal hot spots and land based sources (LBS)
- Biodiversity and changes in biological communities
 Emerging environmental issues
- Marine litter
- Persistent toxic substances (PTS)
- Hazardous and noxious substances spills
- Marine invasive species
- Other issues related to land-based sources of pollution
- Aquaculture, microbiological pollution, biodiversity, protected areas
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Assessment and Recommendations
The main gaps and needs related to atmospheric
pollution and atmospheric deposition issues:
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Each country conducts its own air pollution monitoring. However, for some
pollutants, especially trans-boundary ones, identifying their sinks and
sources, as well as their environmental impacts, is difficult without an
integrated, regional monitoring network;
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The environmental impacts of acid deposition require long-term monitoring
and observation that should be based on regional initiatives;
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Monitoring parameters, methodologies and technical standards/criteria
based on national studies need coordination. The lack of coordinated
methods limits joint efforts to address atmospheric deposition of
contaminants in the region;
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Trans-boundary movement of air pollutants such as dust and sand storms,
especially in China, Korea and Japan, is a critical issue in the region.
Additional joint research is needed to predict and to assess dust and sand
storms;
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Information sources and data on atmospheric deposition of contaminants
into marine and coastal environments in the region continue to be very
limited. National data focus mainly on general information about air
pollution. Regional joint research and efforts are necessary on the
investigation of atmospheric deposition of contaminants.
Main gaps and needs related to water pollution issues:
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There is some discrepancy in the list of parameters have to be monitored:
- In China nitrate content is not a parameter monitored in river water;
- Oil products content in water is monitored in China and Russia, but in Japan
and Korea is not used in the routine monitoring of surface water quality;
- Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) are used broadly for the
assessment of water quality in all countries except Russia.
Discussion is necessary for measures to overcome this discrepancy.
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Another issue is an use of unfiltered samples at the surface waters
monitoring in China, Japan and Korea. In Russia filtered samples are used
for dissolved forms of nutrients (N, P) and metals.
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There is a group of problems connected with determination of micro
pollutants within routine monitoring of water quality. For the time being the
reliable data on dissolved forms of trace metals and persistent organic
pollutants (PCBs, PAHs, pesticides like DDTs and HCH) in the surface
(river) waters of region are scarce. It does not allow to carry out correct
evaluation of regional level of concentration of many of these substances, or
to assess their input to the sea at the regional and subregional level.
The role of atmospheric deposition
in the cycles of chemical
substances
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Sea of Japan
A comparison between atmospheric and river
inputs at the whole basin level clearly
indicate that for Sea of Japan atmospheric
sources dominate for all components,
including the water itself;
Yellow Sea
Unfortunately, data on the concentration of
other pollutants (like trace organics) in
atmospheric precipitation are too rare to
assess atmospheric flux unambiguously;
River
Water
SS/Dust
SS/Dust
In Yellow Sea the situation is different and
atmospheric input dominates for water and
Pb only. For nutrients, dust (suspended
solids) and Cd the fluxes through
atmospheric input to this sea area (north part
of Yellow Sea) vary from 26 to 42% of total
input;
The key feature of atmospheric input is its
non-point nature and the precision of the
relative assessment is depend on the size of
the area assessed.
Water
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Phosphorus
Cadmium
Cadmium
Lead
Lead
Atmo
River
Atmo
Relative role of atmospheric input (blue) and river input (other colors)
Recommendations for future regional activities and priorities
related to water pollution monitoring
 1) To harmonize methodologies and procedures of monitoring of water quality by
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the study of relationships between parameters partly unconsilient for the time
being: for example, CODMn/CODCr/TOC, and TN/NO3, and TP/PO4. This
research could be done through training courses, and analysis of existing data.
The use of data obtained by automatic stations in China and Korea for this
purpose are very desirable.
2) To take into account the influence of unfiltered/filtered samples use for the
data observed and evaluation of river input for the contaminants bound to the
particulate matter.
3) To enhance effort for the obtaining of reliable data on micro pollutants
(dissolved forms of some metals and persistent organic pollutants) in the river
and coastal waters at the national and regional levels.
4) To initiate joint research projects on the use of micro pollutants as indicators
of the initial stage of anthropogenic activity influence on the water quality, and on
the influence of their flux via big rivers on the coastal waters.
5) To promote the cooperation and information exchange between different
environmental programs in region (NOWPAP, WEPA, NARBO, TEMM, PICES
etc.) because to decide issues (1)-(4) are possible only through the close
regional and international cooperation.
Red tides and eutrophication (Harmful Algal Blooms)
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Red tides are an event of vastly
increased
phytoplankton
growth
accompanied by water discoloration,
deterioration of water quality and
occasionally fisheries damage. Red
tides are observed in all countries of
the region, but they are concentrated
along the coast of northern Kyushu
(Japan) and the southern coast of
Korea
Red tides in the region usually extend
less than 100 km2 but in Chinese
Bohai Sea often exceed 1000 km2
Most red-tides events last 7 to 10
days, although some have lasted from
1 to 2 mouths
The damage caused by red tides
depends on what coastal resources
are being used. Minimum in Russia,
but can reach 38 M $ in China in 1989,
95 M $ in Korea in 1995 or 7 M $ in
Japan in 1999.
Eutrophication processes in the Yellow Sea
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Eutrophication
processes
were
observed in Bohai Sea throughout
the last 25 years of the 20th century.
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Eutrophication is expressed as an
increase in nitrogen and a decrease
in phosphorus and silica.
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The annual mean of DIN (sum of
nitrite, nitrate and ammonia) from
1976 until 2000 increased by 0.041
mgN/l with a temperature increase
of 1.7ºC (Lin et al., 2005)
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Thus, the averaged rate of nitrogen
increase was 0.0017 mg N/l/year,
and phosphorus decrease was
0.00012 mg P/l/year.
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Reduction of dissolved oxygen was
also observed.
Oil spills
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The volume of tanker shipped oil in the
region is rapidly increasing.
The risk of accidents is increasing with oil
exploration off Sakhalin Island and in the
upper Yellow Sea.
However, the region has a relatively low
level of oil spill response (Moller, 2002).
Severe accident last fall in Incheon (Korea)
has showed the need to continue efforts
to enhance the preparedness – activity
carried out by NOWPAP MERRAC.
MERRAC was established in 2000 at MOERI/KORDI (Korea) aiming to build
strong relationships among NOWPAP members and to carry out specific
activities to develop regional measures that address oil spill response in the
Northwest Pacific region. This work is being carried out within the framework of
NOWPAP, with professional support from the United Nations Environment
Program (UNEP), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and the
NOWPAP Regional Coordinating Unit (RCU).
Types of coastal environmental hot spots
Issues
Type of Problems
Causes of Problems
River input to estuarine zones
- Elevated concentrations of harmful
substances in water, including suspended
solids, bottom sediments and organisms
due to additional input with river flux
Wastewater inputs and river
pollution
Dumping and sewage discharges
- Elevated concentrations of harmful
substances in water, bottom sediments and
organisms due to sewage inputs and
dumping of solids
- Physical disturbance of benthos habitats
Liquid and solid wastes inputs
to the sea without proper
treatment;
Port activities
- Pollution of coastal waters during port
operations, and wastes from the ships;
- Loss of habitats and biodiversity.
Inefficient management of port
activities;
Conflict between water users
Aquaculture activities
- Pollution of coastal waters within
aquaculture farm by nutrients and some
other chemical substances;
- Deterioration of the aquaculture
resources
Excessive high density of
aquaculture for given water
body;
Inefficient feeding, improper
management
Mineral resources exploration
and exploitation
- Pollution by industrial wastes, sewages,
leakages;
- Accidental spills;
- Destruction of benthos and sea mammals
habitats
Inefficient management of
exploration and exploitation;
Conflict between water users
Emerging environmental issues
Marine Litter
 Marine litter became a serious problem in the
second half of 20th century due to:
1) hazards to marine animals and birds
2) economic impact on commercial fisheries;
3) lost aesthetic value of beaches;
5) threats to human health from medical and sanitary wastes;
6) navigational hazards for ships;
7) damage to vessel and power station cooling systems.
Marine litter takes various forms, but 90-95% are plastic,
metal and glass that persist for decades and longer.
Distribution of marine litter on beaches in different parts of
the region as measured by weight (left, g/100 m2), and by
quantity (right, pieces/100m2). Source: Adachi, 2006.
 Sea currents appear to be a key
factor in the distribution and
concentration of marine litter
along certain parts of the
coastline.
 Northwest Kyusyu and some
locations along west Honshu are
the most contaminated though
some areas along west coast are
very clean
 The root cause of the problem is
poor management of human
activities and a lack of human
awareness of the consequences
of their behavior and actions.
Persistent Toxic Substances (PTS)
 A special feature of NOWPAP region with respect to PTS is the
combination of highly industrialized countries like Japan and Korea that
used PCBs extensively in the 1970s and 1980s and China's rapid
growth where, until 1983, DDT and HCH were widely applied as
pesticides. Temporary and limited application of DDT to fight malarial
insects is still allowed.
 There is deficiency in the reliable monitoring data on the of dissolved
forms of PTS in the river and sea waters.
 Data on PTS concentrations in sediments and aquatic biota are more
readily available. Elevated POPs concentrations have been detected in
a wide range of environmental media and aquatic biota (Iwata et al.,
1994; Monirith et al., 2003).
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Change in the frequency of %
non-zero results) of different PTS
in fish and shellfish in Japan.
Source: UNEP Chemicals/GEF, 2002.
The way forward (PTS):
 The existing data on PTS level are far below EQS (WQS, MPC) in most
cases, and from this point of view situation seems satisfactory.
 But reliable data on “background” concentration of these substances
will allow to trace and to assess the anthropogenic influence on the
surface waters at the initial stages of pollution.
 This will help to predict the environmental problems with water quality in
future and to elaborate measures for diminishing of damage.
 The possible approach to decision of this problem is a cooperation and
using of scientific research results within and abroad region.
 The project “East Asian POPs Monitoring Network” (initiated by NIES)
could be the platforms for such cooperation.
Other environmental problems:
 Physical alteration and destruction of coastal habitats –
loss of habitats by different reasons ( fires, poaching, poor infrastructure in
Russia, farming, loss of wetlands, urbanization in China, land reclamation
and land filling for construction and industry in Japan and Korea);
 Marine Invasive species – damage for fishing, aquaculture,
indigenous species and biodiversity;
 E-waste – contamination of fresh waters by chemicals, including heavy
and toxic metals;
 Aquaculture - habitat loss, damage to indigenous species, risk of
bioinvasion, contamination of water and bottom sediments by nutrients
 Microbiological pollution – related with summer swimming and
closely connected with wastewater discharge via rivers or directly.
Assessment of current situation
 A summary of environmental conditions across the entire
region is very difficult to compile given the diverse nature of
the countries and their environmental problems;
 Key environmental stressors affecting marine and coastal
areas in the region include coastal modification, land-based
sources (LBS) of pollution and oil spills;
 LBS include direct discharge of domestic sewage and
industrial effluents from major cities and industrial complexes
into marine environment as well as river and atmospheric
inputs.
Recommendations:
 Two issues have been identified by UNEP NOWPAP as
key to improve environmental conditions in the region:
1) coordination with efforts of other international projects/
programs/ organizations to develop a common set of
indicators that can be used to assess changes in
environmental conditions;
2) development of integrated management approaches.