Transcript Special Relativity - Relativity without Einstein

The Physical Causes of Relativity
RELATIVITY
Based on Physical Processes
Budapest 2009
by
Albrecht Giese
Hamburg, Germany
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Contents
 “Space” and “Time”?
 Special Relativity
 Origin of Mass
 General Relativity
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
The Leading Question
Einstein’s Relativity is based
on assumptions about
“Space” and “Time”
1.
Is this the only possible way?
2.
Is this a good way?
.
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Einstein’s Statement (Original Paper 1905)
From the origin of a system k there shall a light beam be
transmitted at the time 0 along the X-axis to x’ and from there at the
time 1 reflected back to the origin, where it shall arrive at time 2; so,
there must be
½(0+2) = 1
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
… shall a light beam be transmitted at the time 0 along the X-axis to
x’ and from there at the time 1 reflected back to the origin, where it
shall arrive at time 2;

v
d
X
x‘
O
0 + 2
1 = 1/2(0+2)?
1
Note: The one-way speed of light cannot be measured independently
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Philosopher Hans Reichenbach in “The Philosophy of Space and Time”:
“ … This definition is essential for the special theory of relativity,
but it is not epistemologically necessary. Einstein’s definition, too, is
only one possible definition. …”
The special theory prefers ½ ... ,” it does so on the ground that this
definition leads to simpler relations”. …
X
X
The intention of this talk is to show:
 Relativity of Einstein based on space-time is not the good solution
 Relativity can be based on physical processes rather principles
This is
. Much-much easier
. Gives information about other areas, e.g. particle physics
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Contents
 “Space” and “Time”?
 Special Relativity
 Origin of Mass
 General Relativity
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Special Relativity:
Its Elements
• Contraction
• Dilation
•
Constancy of c
•
Increase of Mass
•
Energy-Mass Relation
E  m c2
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Special Relativity:
History of the contraction
1888:
O. Heaviside
Electric fields contract at motion
1889 G.F. FitzGerald
Objects contract at motion
1892: H.A. Lorentz
Michelson-Morley apparatus contracts at motion
which explains the null-result of the experiment:
d  d' 
1

*d
v2
  1/ 1  2
c
Sufficient to understand relativity?
1932: R.J. Kennedy
E.M.Thorndike
The experiment cannot be explained by pure contraction
Needs dilation also
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Special Relativity:
Dilation is the consequence of internal motion
History of the internal motion
1908:
J. Ziegler
Motion at c of the ‘smallest objects’
1924: L. de Broglie
Internal oscillation causes ‘matter waves’
frequency:
 E/h
1928: P. Dirac
Relativistic QM-function of the electron:
H ( x, t )  i
1930: E. Schrödinger
 ( x, t )
t
Evaluation of the Dirac Function:
x k (t )  x k (0)  c 2 pk H 1t 
1
c 1( k (0)  cpk H 1 )(e 2iHt   1)
 icH
2
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Zitterbewegung
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
“Zitterbewegung” (Schrödinger) Completed 
Structure of an Elementary Particle:
=E/h
(de Broglie 1924)
v=c
(Dirac / Schrödinger 1928/30)
orbit
(Spin, mag. moment)
N=2
(Momentum law)
m=0
(Relativity)
No conflict with the electron experiments
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Special Relativity:
Dilation
For the helical motion:
q 2  c 2  v 2 Pythagoras
T  2pR c
T '  2pR q
 
T' c
v2
  1/ 1  2
T q
c
d
1
dt
1
„Speed of proper time“
 d 
2
2
c 
  c v
 dt 
2
2
v
v2
c2
i.e. the Lorentz-Factor
 d 
 c    v 2  c2
 dt 
2
2
 d 
c 
 dt 
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Contents
 “Space” and “Time”?
 Special Relativity
 Origin of Mass
 General Relativity
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Static field of a point charge
U
U
1
r
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Field of a moving charge
U
U
U
U
1
r
1
r
1
r
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
The Origin of Mass: Bind of the Basic Particles
F  K  q2 
r  r0
r3
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Bind of the Basic Particles at motion
r
F
F  K  q2 
r
r
r3
F
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
The Mass Equation
F  K  q2 
r  r0
r3

E  m  c2

F  a C 
1
r  c2

m
F
1
C
a
r  c2
E  h   h  c 2pR    c R
m

R c
universal for all elem. particles!

The classical magnetic moment:
1
 c  e0  R
2
Radius R computed from the magnetic moment  and then inserted above  the correct mass m
Or both equations combined:

1 e0

2 m
= Bohr magneton in case of the electron
universally valid for all elem. particles
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Mass and Increase of Mass
F  K  q2 
r  r0
r3

F  a C 

m
E  h   h  c 2pR    c R
E  m  c2

1
r  c2
m
F
1
C
a
r  c2
R  r /2

R c
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Relativistic increase of mass: From
Putting the object to motion:
Spin:
m

R c

R  R'  R 
dE  dm  c 2

m  m'  m  
E  m  c2
 mR c  
Classical angular momentum
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Contents
 “Space” and “Time”?
 Special Relativity
 Origin of Mass
 General Relativity
‘
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
The Shapiro-Experiment:
Einstein‘s view: this is a
seeming reduction of c
c


c

G M
c (r )  c 0  1  2
2

r  c0





P
P=1/2 or 1 depending on
direction
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
The gravitational field of the sun:


G M
c (r )  c 0  1  2
2

r  c0





P
P=1/2 or 1 depending on
direction
Einstein‘s view: the path ís
straight but the space is curved
The application of classical refraction yields for the vertex: a  G 
M
r2
Integrating deflection  from –  to +  yields: 1.75 arcsec
…. with Newton: 0.88 arcsec
This was the great breakthrough for Einstein in 1919 (Solar eclipse)!!
Now: Acceleration at rest!!
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Elementary Particle in a Gravitational Field (with Vertical Axis):
c
c
a G
M
r2
No dependency of the mass!
Gravit.
Source
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Formal Treatment of General Relativity (Gravity)
Schwarzschild Solution:
(1 
rs
r
2
)x 0  (1  s )1 r 2  r 2 2  c 2
r
r
is the basis for the proofs of General
Relativity:
- Perihelion Advance
- Gravitational Lensing
- …
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Formal Result of General Relativity (Gravity)
1
Reduced speed of light c
 r 
c  c  1  s 
r 

1/ 2
 rs 
c  c  1  
r 

GM
r  c2
G *N
rs  2
r  c2
rs  2
for radial motion
for tangential motion
1
rs 2
) d
r
Reduced field distance
d '  (1 
Lorentz Transformation
(time-related)
 d 
 c    c2  v 2
 dt 
in radial direction
2
Speed split into
radial/tangential portion
Now Gravity:
2
 d 
 c2   c2
 dt 
2
 r 2
 r
 d 
 c 2    c 2 1  s
r
 dt 

2
2
 dt 

 
 d 
 r 2 2
1
  dr   rs 
2  d 
    1    r 

r 
 dt 
  dt  
2
2
1
 r 
 r 
 c  c t 1  s   r 2 1  s   r 2 2
r 
r 


2
2 2
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Schwarzschild Solution
/gravity
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Derivation of the Schwarzschild Solution (via Einstein)
Riemann Geometry
Field Equations
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Derivation of the Schwarzschild Solution (via the Basic Particle Model)
1
Reduced speed of light c
 r 
c  c  1  s 
r 

1/ 2
 rs 
c  c  1  
r 

GM
r  c2
G *N
rs  2
r  c2
rs  2
for radial motion
for tangential motion
1
rs 2
) d
r
Reduced field distance
d '  (1 
Lorentz Transformation
(time-related)
 d 
 c    c2  v 2
 dt 
in radial direction
2
Speed split into
radial/tangential portion
Now Gravity:
2
 d 
 c2   c2
 dt 
2
 r 2
 r
 d 
 c 2    c 2 1  s
r
 dt 

2
2
 dt 

 
 d 
 r 2 2
1
  dr   rs 
2  d 
    1    r 

r 
 dt 
  dt  
2
2
1
 r 
 r 
 c  c t 1  s   r 2 1  s   r 2 2
r 
r 


2
2 2
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Schwarzschild Solution
/gravity
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
What is Gravity?
Gravity is the change of the speed of light ‘c’ in
the vicinity of an object
But: What is the physical reason
for the change of the speed of light ‘c’
in the vicinity of an object?
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Why is ‘c’ reduced?
--> by the perturbed path of a light-like particle
c
Force is the Strong Force
This solves Quantum Gravity!
Average
speed
<c
Reduction of c independent of Radius

independent of mass
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Open problems in
Gravity / Cosmology
Dark Matter
Acceleration (Dark Energy / Cosmological Constant)
Quantum Gravity
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Relativity / Gravity
The Dark Matter Problem:
Missing Matter in a rotating Galaxy
www.ag-physics.org /gravity
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Rotation of the Galaxy NGC 3198
Axions, neutralinos etc
photons
halo
(of dark matter)
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The Origin of Gravity
Inflation
•The need for inflation: At early times there was a causal
connection between regions which move off each other at
extreme speed  requirement for contracted space
Alternativ:
1050
Development of ‘c’
c/c0
1025
1
Big Bang
time
now
•The need for causal connection:
Is also fulfilled with a high value of ‚c‘ in an unaltered space
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The Origin of Gravity
Need for Dark Energy?
Development of the Universe:
1050
Development of ‘c’
c/c0
1025
1
Big Bang
time
now
•Doppler-Effect: If ‚c‘ was higher at early times then we get – from the
formula – a higher speed for the early supernovae.
The
• acceleration at later times disappear.
www.ag-physics.org /gravity
DopplerEffekt:
v c


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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Summary
What is about space-time?
Space-time is not necessary, not helpful, makes relativity complicated
What are the benefits of our approach?
Relativity (gravity!) can easily be understood
This approach explains:
 The “only attracting” effect
 The “Dark Matter” phenomenon
 The “Dark Energy” phenomenon
This approach maintains:
 The classical (and naïve) understanding of space and time
This approach avoids:
 Conflicts between gravity and quantum theory
QUANTUM GRAVITY becomes obsolete
 The necessity of the Equivalence Principle (which is an fact derived here)
 The force #4 assigned to gravity (non-existent; step towards a unified theory)
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Basing Relativity on Physical Processes
The End
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