Transcript Anti-matter
The LHC: Search for Elementary Building Blocks in Nature Niels Tuning (Nikhef) 13 Nov 2012 Particle Physics Study Nature at distances < 10-15 m 10-15 m atom nucleus Quantum theory describes measurements down to 10-18 m (Compare: 10+18 m = 100 lightyears) Powers of ten… Universe 1026 m Spider 10-2 m Galaxy 1021 m Atom 10-10 m Solar system 1013 m Nucleus 10-15 m Earth 107 m Collisions 10-18 m Particle Physics Questions that were asked for over 2000 years… What are the elementary building blocks of matter? What are the forces that act on matter ? 400 v.Chr. Demokritos atom 1687 Newton forces 1864 Maxwell electromagnetism 1905 Einstein All… Why fundamental research? Fundamental research – Can lead to surprises, • Sometimes even useful… “Without general relativity, the GPS would be wrong by 10km/day !” Why fundamental research? Fundamental research – Leads to useful spin-off • Medical • Internet • Educating scientists for society (Philips, ASML, etc, etc) PET scan www Our knowledge in 2012 http:// pdg.lbl.gov Elementary particles up down up up Proton down electron up down down Neutron What can you make out of 3 building blocks? periodiek systeem van Mendeleev Everything! Elementary particles leptons quarks Not 1 generation, but 3! I II III u c t d e (1976) (1995) s b (1947) (1978) m t (1895) (1936) (1973) ne nm nt (1956) (1963) (2000) Is this everything? leptons quarks Generation: I II III Charge u c t +2/3 e d e (1976) (1995) s b (1947) (1978) m t -1 e 0e (1895) (1936) (1973) ne nm nt (1956) (1963) -1/3 e (2000) Matter •Fundamentele deeltjes en deeltjesversnellers Anti-matter Revolutions early 1900: – Theory of relativity – Quantum Mechanics Paul Dirac (1928): relativistic quantum theory! For every matter particle there is an anti-matter particle! Anti-matter particle: • Same mass • Opposite electric charge leptons quarks Elementary particles I II III Charge u c t +2/3 e d e (1976) (1995) s b (1947) (1978) m t -1 e 0e (1895) (1936) (1973) ne nm nt (1956) (1963) (2000) Matter -1/3 e leptons quarks Elementary particles I II III Lading Lading I II III u c t +2/3 e -2/3 e u c t -1/3 e +1/3 e d s b t d e (1976) (1995) s b (1947) (1978) m t -1 e +1 e e m 0e 0e ne nm nt (1895) (1936) (1973) ne nm nt (1956) (1963) (2000) Materie Anti-matter How do you make anti-matter?? Albert Einstein: E=mc2 Matter + anti-matter= light ! (and vice versa) e+ ee+ e- Anti-matter in hospitals: the PET-scan + ee What are the big questions? I. What are the big questions? “Anti-matter” Where did the anti-matter disappear? No anti-matter found with satellites No anti-matter galaxies II. What are the big questions? “Higgs” Mass of particles Neutrino’s Electron Amazing prediction: The Higgs boson: provides the ‘formula’ to give particles mass! Muon Tau up,down, strange charm Top quark bottom III. What are the big questions? “Dark matter” Temperature fluctuations Rotation-curves structure formation of galaxies Gravitational lens What is dark materie ? We only studied 4% of the universe! What are the big questions? Higgs?? (what makes particles heavy?) Anti-matter?? (where did it go??) Dark matter?? (what clustered the galaxies??) Astronomy Particle Physics Fundamental (curiosity driven) research •Waar is de Anti-materie heen? The biggest microscope on earth the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Genève The LHC accelerator Geneve The Large Hadron Collider LHC: 27 km Geneve A10: 32 km Amsterdam The LHC machine Energy is limited by power of 1232 dipole magnets: B= 8.4 T 40 million collisions per second Beam 1 Beam 2 100.000.000.000 protonen Classical collisions Quantum mechanical collissions proton proton Colliding protons •Niels Tuning Open Dag 2008 What do we expect? Since 30 years there are very precise predictions! Our language Standaard Model Lagrangiaan SU(2)L U(1)Y SU(3)C Bladmuziek (J.S. Bach) How do we discover new particles? At the LHC at Cern: 1) Transform energy into matter Create new particles! How do we discover new particles? At the LHC at Cern: 1) Transform energy into matter 2) New particles change accurate predictions LHCb ATLAS CMS ALICE 2) New particles change accurate predictions 1) Transform energy into matter LHCb ATLAS The LHCb Detector 23 sep 2010 Run 79646 19:49:24 Event 143858637 LHCb: study B decays 1) Find differences between matter and anti-matter b s s b b s 2) Find new particles μ μ LHCb: study B decays B0s→μμ? 2) Find new particles B0s→μμ b s μ μ LHCb: study B decays B0s→μμ! Only 3 out of 109 B particles decay to two muons Prefect prediction! Do new particles exist? b s μ μ ATLAS: What does a collision look like ? quark quark Simulation top quark production quark proton elektron proton neutrino quark Biggest camera on earth position and momentum of charged particles magnet muon detector magnet energy electrons and photons energy of “quarks” human The Atlas pixel detector 80 MegaPixel camera 40.000.000 foto’s per seconde The Atlas Muon Detector Nikhef CERN mens How is a discovery made? New ? Normal muon muon muon ? muon How many Higgs bosons were produced at the LHC up to now proton proton If the Higgs does not exist 0 How many Higgs bosons were produced at the LHC up to now proton proton If the Higgs does exist mh = 120 GeV: mh = 200 GeV: 120.000 60.000 Higgs ZZ 4 muons very few… 120.000 Higgs bosons Z higgs Z hZZ l+l-l+l- • Only 1 in 1000 Higgs bosons decays to 4 muons • 50% chance that ATLAS detector detects them 60 Higgs 4 lepton events l+ peak !? ll- l- Higgs 2 photons foton higgs foton hγγ verval peak! Presentation CMS en ATLAS experiment: Higgs boson discovery 4th July 2012 Search for elementary building blocks of Nature Big questions What is dark matter? Where did the anti-matter disappear? What makes particles heavy? [email protected] END