Transcript `Little Bang` in the Laboratory

The 'Little Bang’ in the Laboratory Physics at the LHC
Christina Markert
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Big Bang
Quarks and Strong Interaction
Heavy Ion Collisions ‘Little Bang’
Our Heavy Ion Group at UT Austin
Conclusions
Christina Markert
Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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Questions
1.Can we produce anti matter here on earth ?
2.Can we create matter out of energy ?
3.Is the proton the smallest building block
of nuclear matter ?
4.Can we accelerate particles up to nearly the
speed of light ?
5.Can we observe a single quark ?
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Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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Our basic Questions are:
What is matter made of ?
How does matter organize itself
& stay together?
How does matter behave?
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Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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Space Time Diagram of the Early Universe
quarks
molecule crystal
nuclei atom
Expansion:
proton
Temperature decrease
Density decreases
Volume expands
It takes time
More structure
Universe is
13*109
Years old
The Cosmic Timeline
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Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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What do we know about the smallest building
blocks?
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Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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Quarks in a Neutron or Proton = Mass
Theory of
strong force:
Quantum
Chromo
Dynamics
Quarks are the smallest building blocks of massive matter
Based on quark interactions (5+10+10 ≠ 935 MeV/c2) ?
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Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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Analogies and differences between QED and QCD
to study structure of an atom…
electron
…separate constituents
nucleus
QED Quantum Electro Dynamics
neutral atom
Confinement: fundamental & crucial (but not understood!) feature of strong force
- colored objects (quarks) have  energy in normal vacuum
quark-antiquark pair
created from vacuum
quark
“white” proton (baryon)
(confined quarks)
Christina Markert
quarks
u,d, (s,c,t,b)
Strong color field
“white” 0 (meson)
“white”
proton
Force
grows
with separation(confined
!!!
quarks)
Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
QCD Quantum Chromo Dymanics
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Generating a deconfined state
Present understanding of
Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)
• heating
• compression
 deconfined matter !
Hadronic
Nuclear
Matter
Matter
Quark
Gluon
Plasma
(confined)!
deconfined
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Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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Going back in time…
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Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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Phase Transitions
ICE
WATER
Add heat
Quark Gluon Plasma is another phase of matter!
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Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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Phase Diagram
Pressure
We heat up the system
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Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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Create Quark Gluon Plasma
Quark Gluon
Plasma
Hadrons
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
Compress
and
Add heat
Christina Markert
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
T = 1,000,000,000,000 K
Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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Phase Diagram of Nuclear Matter
Temperature
hadrons
quarks and gluons
hadrons
LHC
QGP
RHIC
Tc
SPS
AGS
Christina Markert
Physics Workshop
UT Austin April 2 2011
Baryochemical
potential
Center of mass energies:
for different accelerators
AGS: √s ~
5 GeV
SPS : √s ~ 17 GeV
RHIC: √s ~ 200 GeV
LHC: √s ~ 5500 GeV
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Phase transition of nuclear matter predicted
Gross, Politzer, Wilczek win 2004
Nobel Prize in physics for the
theory of asymptotic freedom in
strong interaction.
The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
(RHIC) at Brookhaven National
Laboratory (BNL) was built to
measure the phase transition of
nuclear matter to an ‘asymptotically
free’ partonic state (deconfined)
under the condition of maximum
particle and energy density. (after
Big Bang ?)
Christina Markert
Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
Wilczek
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What can we do in the laboratory ?
a.) Re-create the conditions as close as possible to the Big
Bang, i.e. a condition of maximum density and minimum
volume in an expanding macroscopic system.
b.) Measure a phase transition, characterize the new phase,
measure the de-excitation of the new phase into ‘ordinary’
matter – ‘do we come out the way we went in ?’
c.) Learn about hadronization  how matter is formed
(mechanism how quarks from hadrons
protons, neutrons, etc…)
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Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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How do we do heavy ion collisions in laboratory ?
• We take an atom (Au)
• We take away the electrons
 ion
• We accelerate the ion
• We collide the ions and
hopefully create the predicted
quark gluon plasma in our
‘little bang’ (Au+Au)
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Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN
27 km
Pb+Pb @ sNN= 7 TeV
v= 99.999999%c
Christina Markert
Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
150 meters beneath the ground
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Heavy Ion Physics at the LHC
Check the blog (http://uslhc.us)
ALICE Collaboration
~ 1000 Members
(63% - CERN States)
~
30 Countries
~ 100 Institutes
Spain/Cuba
Romania
Japan Brazil
South Africa
Korea
USA
China
India Croatia
Armenia
Ukraine
Mexico
JINR
US ALICE – 13 Institutions
57 members (inc. 12+ grad. students)
Cal. St. U. – San Luis Obispo, Chicago St. University, Creighton
University, University of Houston, Lawrence Berkeley Nat. Lab,
Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab, Oak Ridge Nat. Lab, Ohio State
University, Purdue University, University of Tennessee,
University of Texas at Austin, Wayne State University, Yale University
Russia
France
Netherlands
Hungary
UK
Greece
Sweden
Germany
Poland
Norway
Slovak Rep.
Czech Rep.
John Harris (Yale) for ALICE Collaboration
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Italy
Finland
CERN
Denmark
Winter Workshop, Winter Park CO, 6 – 12 Feb 2011
ALICE :
A window to the
most fundamental questions
ALICE experiment at LHC collider
(~1000 member)
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Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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Study all phases of a heavy ion collision
If the QGP was formed, it will only live for 10-21 s !!!!
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Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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ALICE Experiment at the LHC Collider
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Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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Particle Tracks in the Detector
Head-on collision
~5000 charged hadrons (protons,…)
and leptons (electrons,..)
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Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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What can we measure ?
a.) Which particles are produced ?
b.) How many are produced ?
c.) How are they arranged (angle)
d.) What does the theory tell us?
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Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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Heat and Compress Nuclear Matter
We produce new quark-antiquark pairs: u u-
 Producing new matter out of Energy
 Producing new quarks s,c,t,b which don’t exist
in ground state nuclear matter (neutrons+protons)
System expands new particles are produced:
- - - antimatter)
Protons (uud) , anti-protons (uud)
Lambdas (uds)
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Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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Questions we can answer
Quark Gluon Plasma:
Initial Temperature
Density
Viscosity
Equilibration time
Lifetime
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Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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Resonance Reconstruction in TPC
End view TPC
K-
1/v
p
(1520)

p = mv (classical)
p
relativistic momentum
-
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Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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Finding Hadronic Resonance Particles
Undergraduate
students
in my group
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Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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Conclusions
 Data show evidence that we created a Quark
Gluon Plasma
 We have a phase transition proton -> quarks
 Quark-gluon plasma lasts less than
0.00000000000000000000001 seconds
 It is very dense and very hot
 It behaves like a liquid not like a plasma
 New experiment at larger Collider LHC at
CERN to investigate properties of the ‘Quark
Soup’
 http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/200
9/05/the_lhc_black_holes_and_you.php
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Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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Questions
1.Can we produce anti matter here on earth ?
2.Can we create matter out of energy ?
3.Is the proton the smallest building block
of nuclear matter ?
4.Can we accelerate particles up to nearly the
speed of light ?
5.Can we observe a single quark ?
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Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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Questions
1.Can we produce anti matter here on earth ?
Yes
2.Can we create matter out of energy ? Yes
3.Is the proton the smallest building block
of nuclear matter ? No (quark)
4.Can we accelerate particles up to nearly the
speed of light ? Yes
5.Can we observe a single quark ? No
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Physics Workshop UT Austin April 2 2011
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