Transcript Electrodynamic Origin Force of Gravity (F = Gm1m2/r2)

The Need for Reformation in
Modern Science
4pr2 x charge density
HOFSTADTER ELECTRON
SCATTERING DATA
2.0
1.5
1.0
Proton
0.5
0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
-13
Radius r (10 cm)
Neutron
2.5
Charles W. Lucas, Jr
Common Sense Science
29045 Livingston Drive
Mechanicsville, MD 20659-3271
[email protected]
Modern Science is in Trouble
Euclid’s Axiomatic Method for
Science
• Logical procedure by which theories are
deduced using logic from basic propositions
(axioms)
• Propositions are constructed from a few
primitive terms
• Terms may be defined arbitrarily or empirically
• Science consists of a collection of arbitrary
and empirical propositions and all the logically
derived theories from those axioms
Problems with Axiomatic
Method
• Identification of primitive terms
• Determination of fundamental
axioms
Newton’s Assumption
FORCE LAWS
THE AXIOMS OF SCIENCE
Newton’s Empirical Method of
Axiom Discovery
•
•
•
•
•
Systematic observation of forces
Experiments with forces
Measurement of forces
Mathematical formulation of force laws
Determine additional phenomena implied by
force law
• Experimental testing of force laws and
additional phenomena
• Modification of force laws as required by
experiment
• Identification of minimum set of force laws
Mathematics
The Primary Tool of Science
• Enables an analysis of forces
• Helps identify the primitives
• Helps identify the causes of forces
• Adds credibility to scientific
theories
Newton’s Conditions for Physical
Force
• The force law must hold for some forces
that are indisputably real
• If the forces acts on a macroscopic body,
then it must be composed of forces acting
on the microphysical parts of that body.
• All forces must have a known cause
• All forces must be local contact forces
Newton’s Rules of Natural
Philosophy
• No more causes of phenomena are allowed
than are true and sufficient to explain them
• The same natural effects should always be
assigned the same causes
• The qualities of bodies within reach of our
experiments are assumed to be universal
qualities of all bodies
• Propositions inferred by induction from
experiment are to be considered as accurate or
true until disproven or modified by other
phenomena
Limitations of Newton’s
Empirical Forces


Force of Inertia FI  mI a

mG1mG 2 
Force of Gravity FG  G
R
2
R12
Existentialism
Reaction to the Empirical Method
•
•
•
•
•
World is not “real”
“Observer” is real and gives meaning
Science is not logical
Science is based on idealizations
Science does not agree with Common
Sense
Empirical Equations of
Electrodynamics for v=constant
 
1 'J (r ',t ') 3
 B(r ,t ) J (r ,t )    d r '
r r '
c
c
• Ampere’sLaw

4p  


• Faraday’s Law  E r ' , t 'dl ' 1 / cd / dt  Br , t   nˆda
 
• Gauss Electrostatic Law  E r , t   nˆ da 4p q
 
• Gauss Magnetostatic Law   B(r , t )  0
 
 
    
• Lenz’s Law Ei r , t  E0 r , t  where Er , t E0 r , t Ei r , t 
  
 

• Lorentz’s Law F qEr , t v / cBi r , t 
Maxwell’s Electrodynamics
• Ampere’s Law with point particle
  idealization
  4p   1 'J (r ',t')

4
p
 B(r ,t) J (r ,t)    d 3r' J (r ,t)
r r '
c  c
 c
• Faraday’s Law E r ' , t 'dl ' 1 / cd / dt Br , t   nˆda

  
• Gauss Electrostatic Law
 E r , t  nˆda 4p q
• Gauss Magnetostatic Law
 
  B(r , t )  0
• Linear Superposition Principle idealization
• Invention of Displacement Current in capacitors
Maxwell’s Electrodynamics
Supplemented By
• Special Relativity Theory for v/c
Corrections
• Quantum Mechanics for Energy
Quantization
Poincare’s Logical Criterion
for Scientific Theories
• No two fundamental theories may use the same
fundamental constant such as c
• Electrodynamics uses c in λf=c
• Special Relativity uses c in E=mc2 & x’=(x-vt)/(1-v2/c2)1/2
• Quantum Mechanics uses c in E=hv=h(2π/λ)c
• General Relativity uses c in Rab–½ Rgab=8πG/c4 Tab
• Poincare suggests that electrodynamics derived
properly should explain relativity, gravity, and quantum
mechanics
4pr2 x charge density
HOFSTADTER ELECTRON
SCATTERING DATA
2.0
1.5
1.0
Proton
0.5
0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Radius r (10-13cm)
Neutron
2.5
Quantum Mechanics and
Relativity Theory
Based on Key Experiments
•
•
•
•
Michelson-Morley Experiment of 1886
Einstein Photoelectric Experiment of 1905
Planck Blackbody Radiation Experiments
Eddington Gravitational Bending of
Starlight 1919
Michelson-Morley Experiment
1886
Discovery of Extinction Effect
C W Oseen
Photoelectric Effect
Heinrich Hertz
Einstein
Modern Photoelectric Effect
Blackbody Radiation
Balfour Stewart
Modern Interpretation of
Blackbody Radiation
I  (T ) 
2hc

2
1
5
e
hc
k BT
1
Gravitational Bending
of Starlight
Modern NASA Experiments on
Gravitational Bending of Starlight
Electrodynamic and Gravity
Force Laws Have Similar Form
1 q1q2
F

Coulomb 4p r 2
0 12
m1m2
F
G
Gravity
r 212
Poincare says that force laws of the same
mathematical form are due to the same
fundamental force
Structuralism
Reaction to Existentialism
• Every system has a structure
• There are laws responsible for the
structure of systems
• There are unique elements that make
up system structures
• Meaning is derived from the structure
of systems which act as signs
Sciences Which Rejected
Structuralism
•
•
•
•
•
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Geology
Astronomy
Postmodernism
Attempt to Maintain Existentialism
• Each field of study has its own truth or
reality defined by experts
• Each field of study is supervised by a
group of experts to police the borders of
that field with criteria for inclusion or
exclusion
• Falsifiability is the criterion in each field for
distinguishing the truly scientific from the
pseudoscientific
Postmodern
Need for Reformation
• Postmodernism is a backward direction for
science
• Major scientific theories introduced under
existentialism have major problems
• New version of electrodynamics based on
structuralism appears to be forward
progress
New Version of the
Electrodynamic Force
•
•
•
•
Uses complete set of empirical laws
No point particle idealization
No supplemental theory of relativity
No supplemental theory of quantum
mechanics
• No fictitious displacement current
• Conserves energy and momentum always
• Fields can be non-linear
New Electrodynamic Theory of
Elementary Particles
• Consists of closed charge loops structures
• No 25 adjustable constants as in Standard
Model
• Based on combinatorial geometry
• Predicts mass, internal structure, excited
states, decay modes and reactions of all
observed elementary particles
• Fundamental forces are not “action-at-adistance” forces due to boson exchange
Electrodynamic Force of Gravity –
Average Force Between
Vibrating Neutral Electric Dipoles



r1 2   r2   r1 A1 f 1  v1




r1 2   r2   r1  A1 cos1t  1 
______________________


q1
1  2p f 1

   A1
q1


q2
2

   A2
q2
 



F F
 F
 F
 F
2 ,1
2 ,1
2 ,1
2 ,1
Electrodynamic Force of Gravity –
Average Force Between
Vibrating Neutral Electric Dipoles
 



F F
 F
 F
 F
2 ,1
2 ,1
2 ,1
2 ,1
Revised Law of Gravity
N2Z2 A2222 N1Z1A1212
  2 e2
FG 
r
2
2
5p   2 12
c
c
r2  r1
 N2Z2 A2222 N1Z1A1212
 9 e2    
 r   r   r   
2
2
4p   2  12  12  12 
c
c
r2  r1



m1m2
m1m2
45
FG   G   2 r12 
G   2 r12   r12  r12  
8 r r
r2  r1
2
1


Linear Motion
Corkscrew Spiral Motion




Evidence for New Theory of Gravity
1. Vibrating dipoles radiate continuously the 2.7 0K cosmic background radiation
2. Cosmic background radiation is emitted and absorbed with some escaping causing
force of gravity to decline
Earth expands due to declining force of gravity
Earth angular rate of rotation slows
Earth’s magnetic field decays
Moon recedes from earth
Hubble’s Red shift Law due to gravitational red shift
3. Non-radial term causes corkscrew spiraling motion of planets about the sun causing
Tilt of orbits with respect to equatorial plane of sun
Quantization of Planetary Orbits - Bode’s Law for Solar System
Quantization of Red shifts - Bode’s Law for Universe
Cosmic Microwave Background
Radiation Predicted
Quantization of Redshifts
on Universal Scale
STRETCH MARKS OF
EARTH’S EXPANSION
Electrodynamic Force of Inertia
Average Force Between Unit Charge
and Vibrating Neutral Electric Dipole
A1 f 1  1

r2 1  r2   r1




r2 1  r2   r1  A1 cos1t  1 
____________________________


r2 1


q1
   A1
q1

q2
Full Inertial Force Law



27 A1 1
   R  A
FI  mi1 A 
m
R
4
i1
16 c
2
↑
Newton’s
2
↑
New Inertial Force Corkscrew Motion
2nd Law
 4e 2  A1 21 2
mi1  
2
 3pRc  c 2
Evidence for New Theory of Inertia
• Gyroscope experiments of Eric Laithwaite
Symmetry of New
Electrodynamic Force Law
Scalar
Potential
U 
qq'
R2


1




1




V 2 


c2 

V2
c2
sin2 
FI = mia

Force

F



2
2

  2R A
V
 1 
R 

2 

c
c2


qq'  

3
 1/ 2
R   V 2

2
 1 
sin  
2



c

 
Galilean
Transformation


 
R'  R  Vt
t'  t


1 


 1/ 2




Radiation





2











V   V  V
 1
 
2
 R  R  R   R Rx RxA  


2 
c
c2   c   c 
 

3
/
2



2


V


R31 
sin2  
2



c



 
Evidence for Chiral Symmetry
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Structure of elementary particles
Structure of atoms
Structure of nuclei
Structure of molecules
Structure of crystals
Structure of plant leaves and flowers
Structure of solar system orbits
Structure of galaxies
Structure of the universe as a whole
The Trouble with Physics
• Point particle and other idealizations
• Unphysical action-at-a-distance forces
• Neglected physical structures in
elementary particles, atoms, nuclei,
molecules
• Nonstructural notions of origin of
quantum effects
Direction for Reformation
1.Science needs to be developed based on the
physical internal structure of elementary
particles, atoms, nuclei, and molecules.
2.Science needs to have all idealizations
removed.
3.Science needs to be based on a more
perfect union of the axiomatic and empirical
scientific methods.